This thesis investigates the limitations of international criminal law (ICL) in addressing sexual and other gender-based crimes (SGBC) and explores how intersectionality contributes to a more inclusive and pluralistic understanding of justice. Although ICL has progressively recognised certain forms of gender-based violence as constituting international crimes, its conceptualisation of gender remains largely binary and decontextualised. As a result, it obscures the complex ways in which gender intersects with race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, and other axes of power to shape individual and collective experiences of harm. The study asks how intersectionality, understood as both critical inquiry and praxis, can illuminate the exclusions embedded in ICL’s treatment of SGBC and provide a framework for reimagining justice beyond its predominantly retributive paradigm. As inquiry, intersectionality exposes how legal categories and evidentiary standards translate lived experiences of violence into a narrow grammar of offences and perpetrators, isolating acts of harm from the structural conditions that sustain them. As praxis, it moves beyond diagnosis to envision transformation, orienting justice toward the pursuit of gendered peace: a condition attentive to the structural and cultural dimensions of violence as well as its direct manifestations. Adopting an interdisciplinary methodology that combines feminist legal theory, critical approaches to international criminal law and peace and conflict studies, the analysis unfolds in three parts that reflect the study’s dual movement of critique and reconstruction. Chapter I develops the theoretical framework, conceptualising intersectionality as a lens through which to rethink gender, violence and justice beyond essentialist or individualised approaches. Chapter II tests these insights against selected jurisprudence on SGBC before international criminal tribunals, highlighting how the law’s prioritisation of sexual violence and female victimhood has rendered certain harms visible while silencing others. Chapter III moves beyond critique to explore the alternative, bottom-up forms of justice emerging from People’s Tribunals and Women’s Courts, arguing that these initiatives resonate strongly with feminist methods and offer valuable insights for rethinking the justice delivered by international criminal tribunals. Ultimately, the thesis advances a feminist reimagining of justice that transcends the retributive paradigm of ICL. Building on McGlynn and Westmarland’s notion of kaleidoscopic justice, it conceives justice as a dynamic and pluralistic process, continuously refracted through diverse experiences and always open to reconfiguration.

La tesi indaga i limiti del diritto penale internazionale (DPI) nel riconoscimento e nella qualificazione dei crimini di genere, interrogandosi su come un approccio intersezionale possa contribuire a una concezione della giustizia più inclusiva e pluralistica. Sebbene il DPI abbia progressivamente riconosciuto alcune forme di violenza di genere come crimini internazionali, esso continua a fondarsi su una nozione di genere prevalentemente binaria e decontestualizzata, che ne riduce la complessità a una categoria statica. Tale impostazione tende a invisibilizzare le intersezioni tra genere, razza, classe e altri assi di potere, trascurando il modo in cui tali dimensioni concorrono a plasmare esperienze individuali e collettive di violenza. La ricerca si interroga su come l’intersezionalità, intesa al tempo stesso come prospettiva critica e come pratica trasformativa, possa mettere in evidenza le esclusioni e le gerarchie implicite nel modo in cui il DPI affronta i crimini di genere, offrendo al contempo una cornice per ripensare la giustizia oltre il suo paradigma punitivo. Come lente critica, l’intersezionalità disvela il modo in cui le strutture del diritto codificano l’esperienza della violenza entro categorie giuridiche rigide, scindendo il danno dalle relazioni di potere e dalle condizioni materiali che lo generano. Come prassi, essa oltrepassa la dimensione diagnostica per farsi progetto trasformativo, orientando la giustizia verso il perseguimento di una gendered peace: una condizione attenta non solo alla violenza diretta, ma anche alle sue dimensioni strutturali e culturali. Adottando un approccio critico e interdisciplinare che intreccia femminismo giuridico, teoria critica del DPI e studi sulla pace, l’analisi si articola in tre momenti corrispondenti al duplice movimento dello studio: critica e ricostruzione. Il primo capitolo definisce il quadro teorico, concettualizzando l’intersezionalità come lente analitica per ripensare genere, violenza e giustizia oltre prospettive essenzialiste o individualistiche. Il secondo capitolo mette alla prova tali premesse attraverso l’esame di una selezione di giurisprudenza delle corti penali internazionali in materia di crimini di genere, evidenziando come la centralità attribuita alla violenza sessuale e alla vittimizzazione femminile abbia contribuito a rendere visibili alcune forme di danno, silenziandone al contempo altre. Il terzo capitolo oltrepassa la dimensione puramente critica per indagare pratiche di giustizia alternative e dal basso, emerse nei Tribunali dei Popoli e nei Tribunali delle Donne. Tali esperienze entrano in profonda risonanza con metodi e istanze femministe, offrendo prospettive significative per ripensare la funzione e i confini della giustizia penale internazionale. In ultima analisi, la ricerca avanza una riconcettualizzazione femminista della giustizia che trascende il paradigma punitivo del DPI. Ispirandosi alla nozione di giustizia caleidoscopica elaborata da McGlynn e Westmarland, la giustizia è intesa come processo dinamico e pluralistico, in continua rifrazione attraverso esperienze, soggettività e contesti differenti, e per ciò stesso sempre aperto alla riconfigurazione.

Vitti, S (2026). A Feminist Intersectional Approach to Sexual and Other Gender-Based Crimes under International Law: Rethinking Justice through Women’s Courts. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

A Feminist Intersectional Approach to Sexual and Other Gender-Based Crimes under International Law: Rethinking Justice through Women’s Courts

VITTI, SELENA
2026

Abstract

This thesis investigates the limitations of international criminal law (ICL) in addressing sexual and other gender-based crimes (SGBC) and explores how intersectionality contributes to a more inclusive and pluralistic understanding of justice. Although ICL has progressively recognised certain forms of gender-based violence as constituting international crimes, its conceptualisation of gender remains largely binary and decontextualised. As a result, it obscures the complex ways in which gender intersects with race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, and other axes of power to shape individual and collective experiences of harm. The study asks how intersectionality, understood as both critical inquiry and praxis, can illuminate the exclusions embedded in ICL’s treatment of SGBC and provide a framework for reimagining justice beyond its predominantly retributive paradigm. As inquiry, intersectionality exposes how legal categories and evidentiary standards translate lived experiences of violence into a narrow grammar of offences and perpetrators, isolating acts of harm from the structural conditions that sustain them. As praxis, it moves beyond diagnosis to envision transformation, orienting justice toward the pursuit of gendered peace: a condition attentive to the structural and cultural dimensions of violence as well as its direct manifestations. Adopting an interdisciplinary methodology that combines feminist legal theory, critical approaches to international criminal law and peace and conflict studies, the analysis unfolds in three parts that reflect the study’s dual movement of critique and reconstruction. Chapter I develops the theoretical framework, conceptualising intersectionality as a lens through which to rethink gender, violence and justice beyond essentialist or individualised approaches. Chapter II tests these insights against selected jurisprudence on SGBC before international criminal tribunals, highlighting how the law’s prioritisation of sexual violence and female victimhood has rendered certain harms visible while silencing others. Chapter III moves beyond critique to explore the alternative, bottom-up forms of justice emerging from People’s Tribunals and Women’s Courts, arguing that these initiatives resonate strongly with feminist methods and offer valuable insights for rethinking the justice delivered by international criminal tribunals. Ultimately, the thesis advances a feminist reimagining of justice that transcends the retributive paradigm of ICL. Building on McGlynn and Westmarland’s notion of kaleidoscopic justice, it conceives justice as a dynamic and pluralistic process, continuously refracted through diverse experiences and always open to reconfiguration.
PECORELLA, CLAUDIA
STEINL, LEONIE
Intersezionalità; Genere; Crimini; Giustizia; Tribunali dei Popoli
Intersectionality; Gender; International Crimes; Justice; Women's Courts
Italian
2-mar-2026
38
2024/2025
UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER - WESTFÄLISCHE WILHELMS-UNIVERSITÄT MÜNSTER
embargoed_20290302
Vitti, S (2026). A Feminist Intersectional Approach to Sexual and Other Gender-Based Crimes under International Law: Rethinking Justice through Women’s Courts. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/610700
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