This PhD project investigated handwriting and signature production as windows into the interaction between cognitive and motor systems, across the continuum from healthy functioning to neurological disease. Writing represents a complex cognitive–motor skill integrating linguistic, visuospatial, executive, and motor components. Within this framework, the signature is a highly automatized act that, although stable under normal conditions, may become vulnerable when the neural circuits supporting automatization are disrupted. The research combined behavioral, neuropsychological, and digital methodologies to characterize graphomotor features of handwriting and signing across healthy adults and neurological patients. It was articulated into four complementary studies, each addressing a distinct aspect of handwriting and signature behavior in healthy and clinical populations. Study 1 validated and compared two digital recording tools – the tablet One by Wacom and the ThInkPen smartpen – assessing the reliability and temporal stability of graphomotor parameters (e.g., timing, fluency, pressure) in both handwriting and signing. Both devices showed excellent test–retest reliability, confirming their suitability for longitudinal and clinical use. Study 2 examined the discriminative validity of handwriting and signing in neurodegenerative diseases, comparing patients with dementia (Alzheimer’s, vascular, and mixed) and healthy controls. Both handwriting and signing reliably distinguished dementia from controls, with temporal and fluency parameters showing the highest diagnostic accuracy, and spatial measures proving less sensitive. These findings demonstrate that digital markers of movement timing and control are highly sensitive to cognitive deterioration and can capture early disruptions even in automatized gestures such as signing. Study 3 explored the predictive value of graphomotor performance for cognitive functioning in healthy adults. Principal component analyses identified three consistent dimensions – graphomotor fluency, temporal/kinematic profile, and pressure – underlying both handwriting and signing. Predictive models showed that fluency and temporal profile were the strongest indicators of global cognitive efficiency, suggesting that handwriting, rather than signature, reflects subtle interindividual cognitive differences in healthy individuals. Study 4 characterized graphomotor alterations after stroke. Forty-two right- and left-hemisphere patients were assessed longitudinally. At baseline, both groups showed impaired writing kinematics relative to controls, particularly in temporal and fluency parameters. Signature execution was selectively affected in right brain–damaged patients, who produced slower, more fragmented, and less fluent movements, supporting the right hemisphere’s key role in automatized visuomotor control. Over time, modest recovery emerged, especially in right-hemisphere patients, indicating partial restoration of motor efficiency. Correlation analyses revealed distinct cognitive associations: handwriting fluency was mainly linked to attentional and linguistic functions, whereas signature performance correlated with multiple domains (language, executive, visuospatial, and memory), suggesting that after stroke, even overlearned gestures depend increasingly on top-down cognitive control. Overall, this work outlines an integrated framework for investigating handwriting and signing as sensitive indicators of cognitive–motor integrity. It demonstrates that while handwriting reflects controlled cognitive processing, the signature – typically automatic – can serve as an early marker of vulnerability when automatization weakens.
Questo progetto di dottorato ha esplorato la scrittura e la firma come strumenti per comprendere l’interazione tra processi cognitivi e motori lungo il continuum che va dal funzionamento normale alla malattia neurologica. La scrittura rappresenta una delle abilità più complesse dell’essere umano, integrando componenti linguistiche, visuospaziali, esecutive e motorie. All’interno di questo sistema, la firma costituisce un gesto altamente appreso e automatizzato, stabile in condizioni fisiologiche ma suscettibile di alterazioni quando i circuiti neurali dell’automatizzazione vengono compromessi. La ricerca ha combinato approcci comportamentali, neuropsicologici e digitali per caratterizzare le componenti grafomotorie della scrittura e della firma in soggetti sani e in pazienti neurologici. Il lavoro si articola in quattro studi complementari, dedicati a diversi aspetti dell’integrazione cognitivo-motoria. Il primo studio ha validato due strumenti digitali di acquisizione – il tablet One by Wacom e la smartpen ThInkPen – confermandone l’affidabilità e la stabilità temporale nella misurazione di parametri grafomotori (e.g., tempo di esecuzione, pressione, fluenza), e la loro idoneità per studi longitudinali e clinici. Il secondo studio ha valutato la capacità discriminativa di tali misure in pazienti con demenza (Alzheimer, vascolare e mista) rispetto a controlli sani. I risultati hanno mostrato che scrittura e firma discriminano efficacemente il declino cognitivo dall’invecchiamento fisiologico, con i parametri temporali e di fluenza che mostrano la maggiore accuratezza diagnostica, mentre le misure spaziali risultano meno sensibili. Ciò suggerisce che l’analisi digitale dei movimenti grafomotori può rilevare precocemente alterazioni del controllo motorio anche in gesti automatizzati come la firma. Il terzo studio ha indagato il valore predittivo dei parametri grafomotori sul funzionamento cognitivo generale in adulti sani. Le analisi fattoriali hanno individuato tre dimensioni principali – fluenza, profilo temporale-cinematico e pressione – evidenziando fluenza e profilo temporale come i migliori predittori di efficienza cognitiva. Nei soggetti sani, la scrittura riflette più direttamente le differenze cognitive individuali, mentre la firma, più automatizzata, risulta meno sensibile a tali variazioni. Infine, il quarto studio ha esaminato le alterazioni grafomotorie in pazienti con ictus destro e sinistro. Entrambi i gruppi mostravano difficoltà nella scrittura, soprattutto nei parametri di fluenza e tempo di esecuzione, ma solo i pazienti con lesione destra presentavano deficit marcati anche nella firma – più lenta e disfluente – confermando il ruolo dell’emisfero destro nei processi visuomotori automatizzati. Le analisi di correlazione hanno mostrato che, dopo l’ictus, la scrittura dipende soprattutto da funzioni attentive e linguistiche, mentre la firma coinvolge più domini cognitivi (e.g., linguaggio, funzioni esecutive, memoria, abilità visuospaziali), – suggerendo che, quando i circuiti motori automatici vengono danneggiati, la firma perde parte della sua autonomia e diventa progressivamente più dipendente da processi cognitivi superiori. Nel complesso, questo lavoro delinea un quadro integrato per lo studio della scrittura e della firma come indicatori dell’integrità cognitivo-motoria, mostrando come la scrittura rifletta un maggiore coinvolgimento cognitivo, mentre la firma – quando i meccanismi di automatizzazione si indeboliscono – può divenire un marker precoce di vulnerabilità, offrendo nuove prospettive per la valutazione e il monitoraggio dei disturbi neurologici.
Preti, A (2026). Graphomotor Analysis of Handwriting and Signing in Healthy and Neurological Populations: Development of Novel Tools, Cognitive Underpinnings, and Neuropsychological Evidence. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
Graphomotor Analysis of Handwriting and Signing in Healthy and Neurological Populations: Development of Novel Tools, Cognitive Underpinnings, and Neuropsychological Evidence
PRETI, ALICE NAOMI
2026
Abstract
This PhD project investigated handwriting and signature production as windows into the interaction between cognitive and motor systems, across the continuum from healthy functioning to neurological disease. Writing represents a complex cognitive–motor skill integrating linguistic, visuospatial, executive, and motor components. Within this framework, the signature is a highly automatized act that, although stable under normal conditions, may become vulnerable when the neural circuits supporting automatization are disrupted. The research combined behavioral, neuropsychological, and digital methodologies to characterize graphomotor features of handwriting and signing across healthy adults and neurological patients. It was articulated into four complementary studies, each addressing a distinct aspect of handwriting and signature behavior in healthy and clinical populations. Study 1 validated and compared two digital recording tools – the tablet One by Wacom and the ThInkPen smartpen – assessing the reliability and temporal stability of graphomotor parameters (e.g., timing, fluency, pressure) in both handwriting and signing. Both devices showed excellent test–retest reliability, confirming their suitability for longitudinal and clinical use. Study 2 examined the discriminative validity of handwriting and signing in neurodegenerative diseases, comparing patients with dementia (Alzheimer’s, vascular, and mixed) and healthy controls. Both handwriting and signing reliably distinguished dementia from controls, with temporal and fluency parameters showing the highest diagnostic accuracy, and spatial measures proving less sensitive. These findings demonstrate that digital markers of movement timing and control are highly sensitive to cognitive deterioration and can capture early disruptions even in automatized gestures such as signing. Study 3 explored the predictive value of graphomotor performance for cognitive functioning in healthy adults. Principal component analyses identified three consistent dimensions – graphomotor fluency, temporal/kinematic profile, and pressure – underlying both handwriting and signing. Predictive models showed that fluency and temporal profile were the strongest indicators of global cognitive efficiency, suggesting that handwriting, rather than signature, reflects subtle interindividual cognitive differences in healthy individuals. Study 4 characterized graphomotor alterations after stroke. Forty-two right- and left-hemisphere patients were assessed longitudinally. At baseline, both groups showed impaired writing kinematics relative to controls, particularly in temporal and fluency parameters. Signature execution was selectively affected in right brain–damaged patients, who produced slower, more fragmented, and less fluent movements, supporting the right hemisphere’s key role in automatized visuomotor control. Over time, modest recovery emerged, especially in right-hemisphere patients, indicating partial restoration of motor efficiency. Correlation analyses revealed distinct cognitive associations: handwriting fluency was mainly linked to attentional and linguistic functions, whereas signature performance correlated with multiple domains (language, executive, visuospatial, and memory), suggesting that after stroke, even overlearned gestures depend increasingly on top-down cognitive control. Overall, this work outlines an integrated framework for investigating handwriting and signing as sensitive indicators of cognitive–motor integrity. It demonstrates that while handwriting reflects controlled cognitive processing, the signature – typically automatic – can serve as an early marker of vulnerability when automatization weakens.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
phd_unimib_897458.pdf
embargo fino al 16/02/2029
Descrizione: Graphomotor Analysis of Handwriting and Signing in Healthy and Neurological Populations: Development of Novel Tools, Cognitive Underpinnings, and Neuropsychological Evidence
Tipologia di allegato:
Doctoral thesis
Dimensione
4.11 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
4.11 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri Richiedi una copia |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


