The research activity of this PhD project is part of a joint collaboration between the University of Milano-Bicocca (PhD in Materials Science) and Pirelli Tyre S.p.A., aimed at studying the abiotic and biotic degradation of rubber compounds. The general objective is to assess the chemical–physical and microbial mechanisms involved in the degradation of complex polymeric materials used in the tyre industry, through an integrated approach encompassing microbiological, bioinformatic, and materials science analyses. The study focused on microbial communities enriched on two model rubber compounds: one based on natural rubber and one resembling a commercial tread formulation. The enrichments, obtained from soil collected near a high-traffic road, were maintained under long-term incubation (16 months). The materials used for enrichment were analysed by FTIR-ATR, SEM, TGA-DTG, and Py-GC/MS, revealing structural and chemical modifications both at the surface and bulk level, induced by aging and microbial activity. These results also confirmed the higher reliability of the tread-like compound for long-term incubations. The enriched microbial communities were analysed through shotgun metagenomic sequencing followed by bioinformatic analyses, enabling taxonomic, functional, and metabolic profiling. The results revealed taxa specialized in polymer degradation and a reduction in biodiversity compared with control soils. From the same communities, microorganisms capable of adhering to natural rubber films and modifying their surface were isolated, as demonstrated by LSM, SEM, and FTIR-ATR analyses. Furthermore, several Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs) were reconstructed, one of which was putatively associated with an isolate showing biofilm-forming ability. In parallel, the identification and characterization of rubber-degrading enzymes were conducted, focusing on Latex-clearing proteins (Lcp, EC 1.13.11.87), which catalyse the oxidative cleavage of polyisoprene. Four metagenome-derived Lcp variants (Att1–Att4) were identified from the same microbial communities, phylogenetically analysed, and modelled in 3D (UCSF Chimera). These variants showed a high conservation of the catalytic domain and the heme-binding site, together with structural peculiarities potentially associated with new functionalities. A colorimetric assay on crude cell extracts confirmed the activity of all variants, with distinct pH and temperature profiles. Overall, the results provide an integrated picture of the abiotic and biotic processes contributing to rubber degradation, offering a knowledge base for future biotechnological developments aimed at the sustainable management of tyre-derived waste.
L’attività di ricerca di questo dottorato si inserisce in un progetto congiunto tra l’Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (PhD in Scienze dei Materiali) e Pirelli Tyre S.p.A., finalizzato allo studio della degradazione abiotica e biotica di composti della gomma. L’obiettivo generale è la valutazione dei meccanismi chimico-fisici e microbici coinvolti nella degradazione di materiali polimerici complessi impiegati nell’industria tyre, mediante un approccio integrato comprendente analisi microbiologiche, bioinformatiche e di scienza dei materiali. La ricerca ha riguardato comunità microbiche arricchite su due composti modello di gomma: uno a base di gomma naturale e uno simile a un battistrada commerciale. Gli arricchimenti, ottenuti a partire da suolo prelevato in prossimità di una strada ad alto traffico, sono stati mantenuti in incubazione a lungo termine (16 mesi). Le analisi del materiale utilizzato per gli arricchimenti sono state condotte mediante tecniche quali FTIR-ATR, SEM, TGA-DTG e Py-GC/MS, e hanno evidenziato modifiche strutturali e chimiche sia a livello di surface che di bulk, sia in seguito a invecchiamento che ad azione microbica. Tali evidenze hanno inoltre confermato la maggiore affidabilità del composto modello battistrada per lunghe incubazioni. Le comunità microbiche arricchite sono state analizzate tramite sequenziamento metagenomico shotgun e la successiva analisi bioinformatica, che hanno consentito la profilazione tassonomica, funzionale e metabolica delle comunità, evidenziando taxa specializzati nella degradazione di polimeri e una riduzione della biodiversità rispetto ai suoli di controllo. Dalle stesse comunità sono stati isolati microrganismi capaci di aderire a film di gomma naturale e di modificarne la superficie, come dimostrato da analisi LSM, SEM e FTIR-ATR. Inoltre, sono stati ricostruiti diversi Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs), uno dei quali putativamente associato a un isolato dotato di capacità di formazione di biofilm. Parallelamente, è stata condotta l’identificazione e caratterizzazione di enzimi rubber-degrading, in particolare delle Latex-clearing proteins (Lcp, EC 1.13.11.87), catalizzatori dell’ossidazione del poliisoprene. Dalle stesse comunità microbiche sono state individuate quattro varianti metagenomiche di Lcp (Att1–Att4), analizzate filogeneticamente e modellate in 3D (UCSF Chimera), che mostrano un’elevata conservazione del dominio catalitico e del sito eme, ma anche peculiarità strutturali potenzialmente associate a nuove funzionalità. Un saggio enzimatico colorimetrico su estratti cellulari grezzi ha confermato l’attività di tutte le varianti, con differenze nei profili di pH e temperatura. Nel complesso, i risultati ottenuti delineano un quadro integrato dei processi abiotici e biotici che concorrono alla degradazione della gomma, fornendo una base conoscitiva per futuri sviluppi biotecnologici mirati alla gestione sostenibile dei rifiuti da pneumatici.
De Divitiis, M (2026). Biotechnological Approaches for the Assessment of the Biodegradation of Rubber Compounds. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
Biotechnological Approaches for the Assessment of the Biodegradation of Rubber Compounds
de DIVITIIS, MARCELLA
2026
Abstract
The research activity of this PhD project is part of a joint collaboration between the University of Milano-Bicocca (PhD in Materials Science) and Pirelli Tyre S.p.A., aimed at studying the abiotic and biotic degradation of rubber compounds. The general objective is to assess the chemical–physical and microbial mechanisms involved in the degradation of complex polymeric materials used in the tyre industry, through an integrated approach encompassing microbiological, bioinformatic, and materials science analyses. The study focused on microbial communities enriched on two model rubber compounds: one based on natural rubber and one resembling a commercial tread formulation. The enrichments, obtained from soil collected near a high-traffic road, were maintained under long-term incubation (16 months). The materials used for enrichment were analysed by FTIR-ATR, SEM, TGA-DTG, and Py-GC/MS, revealing structural and chemical modifications both at the surface and bulk level, induced by aging and microbial activity. These results also confirmed the higher reliability of the tread-like compound for long-term incubations. The enriched microbial communities were analysed through shotgun metagenomic sequencing followed by bioinformatic analyses, enabling taxonomic, functional, and metabolic profiling. The results revealed taxa specialized in polymer degradation and a reduction in biodiversity compared with control soils. From the same communities, microorganisms capable of adhering to natural rubber films and modifying their surface were isolated, as demonstrated by LSM, SEM, and FTIR-ATR analyses. Furthermore, several Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs) were reconstructed, one of which was putatively associated with an isolate showing biofilm-forming ability. In parallel, the identification and characterization of rubber-degrading enzymes were conducted, focusing on Latex-clearing proteins (Lcp, EC 1.13.11.87), which catalyse the oxidative cleavage of polyisoprene. Four metagenome-derived Lcp variants (Att1–Att4) were identified from the same microbial communities, phylogenetically analysed, and modelled in 3D (UCSF Chimera). These variants showed a high conservation of the catalytic domain and the heme-binding site, together with structural peculiarities potentially associated with new functionalities. A colorimetric assay on crude cell extracts confirmed the activity of all variants, with distinct pH and temperature profiles. Overall, the results provide an integrated picture of the abiotic and biotic processes contributing to rubber degradation, offering a knowledge base for future biotechnological developments aimed at the sustainable management of tyre-derived waste.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_862535.pdf
embargo fino al 19/02/2029
Descrizione: Biotechnological Approaches for the Assessment of the Biodegradation of Rubber Compounds
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Doctoral thesis
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8.88 MB
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