The research activity carried out during the three years of my PhD was focused on the chemical modification of tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP), extracted from tamarind seeds. TSP is a neutral, high-molecular-weight polysaccharide characterized by a glucose backbone branched with xylose residues, which can in turn be substituted with galactose units. TSP is mainly used in the ophthalmic field in eye drop formulations, thanks to its mucomimetic properties. It is also employed in the food industry as an additive due to its stabilizing, emulsifying, and gelling abilities, and in the pharmaceutical field for drug delivery applications. During my PhD, I chemically modified TSP through sulfation and crosslinking using a chemical crosslinker in order to improve the chemical, physical, and biological properties of the polysaccharide and to enhance its potential for commercial applications. Sulfation made TSP more soluble due to the introduction of negative charges along the polysaccharide chains, which significantly reduced the solubilization time—a considerable advantage at the industrial level. Moreover, the added sulfate groups enabled electrostatic interactions with positively charged chemical or biological molecules, thus increasing the functional potential of TSP. Subsequently, TSP was crosslinked with BDDE at different concentrations to develop hydrogels with rheological properties distinct from those of the native polysaccharide. The modified TSP products were characterized using various analytical techniques: Size exclusion chromatography equipped with three detectors was used to analyze the molecular weight distribution, intrinsic viscosity, and hydrodynamic radius; a rheometer was employed for dynamic viscosity and elastic modulus studies; dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to determine the surface charge of the products; the morphology was examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and the chemical structure was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the samples were hydrolyzed using the enzyme xyloglucanase in order to reduce their molecular weight—and consequently their viscosity—to enable more detailed structural analyses of the chemically modified products by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the products and their intestinal permeability were evaluated through in vitro cell assays.
L’attività di ricerca dei tre anni di dottorato si è basata sulla modifica chimica del polisaccaride estratto da semi di tamarindo (TSP). Il TSP è un polisaccaride neutro ad alto peso molecolare, caratterizzato da una catena di glucosio ramificato con xilosio che può legare a sua volta un residuo di galattosio. Principalmente il TSP viene utilizzato nell’ambito oftalmico nelle formulazioni di colliri grazie alle sue proprietà mucomimetiche. Viene inoltre utilizzato nell’industria alimentare come additivo per le sue capacità di stabilizzante, emulsionante e gelificante e nel campo farmaceutico per il drug delivery. Durante i tre anni di dottorato ho modificato chimicamente il TSP tramite solfatazione e reticolazione mediante un crosslinker chimico in modo da migliorare le proprietà chimiche, fisiche e biologiche del polisaccaride e aumentarne le applicazioni in ambito commerciale. La solfatazione, infatti, ha reso più solubile il TSP grazie alla presenza di cariche negative sulle catene che consentono un tempo di solubilizzazione minore che risulta essere un grande vantaggio a livello industriale. Inoltre, i gruppi solfati aggiunti consentono interazioni elettrostatiche con molecole chimiche o biologiche cariche positivamente aumentando le potenzialità del TSP. In seguito, il TSP è stato reticolato con BDDE a diverse concentrazioni in modo da sviluppare degli hydrogel con proprietà reologiche differenti dal polisaccaride di partenza. I prodotti di TSP modificato ottenuti sono stati caratterizzati con differenti tecniche analitiche: la cromatografia ad esclusione molecolare equipaggiata con tre detector è stata utilizzata per l’analisi della distribuzione del peso molecolare, della viscosità intrinseca e del raggio idrodinamico, il reometro è stato utilizzato per studi di viscosità dinamica e dei moduli elastici, con il dynamic light scattering è stata studiata la carica di superfice dei prodotti, la morfologia è stata analizzata con il microscopio a scansione elettronica e la struttura chimica è stato analizzati tramite spettroscopia infrarossa (ATR-FTIR) e NMR. Inoltre, i campioni ottenuti sono stati idrolizzati con l’enzima xiloglucanasi in modo tale da ridurre il peso molecolare e conseguentemente la viscosità per analisi più specifiche della struttura chimica a seguito della modifica con NMR e spettrometria di massa. Infine, la tossicità dei prodotti e le capacità di permeabilità intestinale sono state studiate tramite test cellulari in vitro.
Ziliani, S (2026). Sulfation and crosslinking of tamarind seed polysaccharide: physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
Sulfation and crosslinking of tamarind seed polysaccharide: physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation
ZILIANI, SABRINA
2026
Abstract
The research activity carried out during the three years of my PhD was focused on the chemical modification of tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP), extracted from tamarind seeds. TSP is a neutral, high-molecular-weight polysaccharide characterized by a glucose backbone branched with xylose residues, which can in turn be substituted with galactose units. TSP is mainly used in the ophthalmic field in eye drop formulations, thanks to its mucomimetic properties. It is also employed in the food industry as an additive due to its stabilizing, emulsifying, and gelling abilities, and in the pharmaceutical field for drug delivery applications. During my PhD, I chemically modified TSP through sulfation and crosslinking using a chemical crosslinker in order to improve the chemical, physical, and biological properties of the polysaccharide and to enhance its potential for commercial applications. Sulfation made TSP more soluble due to the introduction of negative charges along the polysaccharide chains, which significantly reduced the solubilization time—a considerable advantage at the industrial level. Moreover, the added sulfate groups enabled electrostatic interactions with positively charged chemical or biological molecules, thus increasing the functional potential of TSP. Subsequently, TSP was crosslinked with BDDE at different concentrations to develop hydrogels with rheological properties distinct from those of the native polysaccharide. The modified TSP products were characterized using various analytical techniques: Size exclusion chromatography equipped with three detectors was used to analyze the molecular weight distribution, intrinsic viscosity, and hydrodynamic radius; a rheometer was employed for dynamic viscosity and elastic modulus studies; dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to determine the surface charge of the products; the morphology was examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and the chemical structure was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the samples were hydrolyzed using the enzyme xyloglucanase in order to reduce their molecular weight—and consequently their viscosity—to enable more detailed structural analyses of the chemically modified products by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the products and their intestinal permeability were evaluated through in vitro cell assays.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Sulfation and crosslinking of tamarind seed polysaccharide: physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation
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Doctoral thesis
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