This thesis explores innovative strategies to enhance biogas quality, focusing on the removal of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a toxic and corrosive compound. Carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles (CE-nFe) were synthesized from residual biomasses such as olive mill wastewater and microalgae grown on municipal effluents, transforming waste materials into valuable functional nanomaterials and linking technological innovation with circular sustainability. The CE-nFe combine the reactivity of iron with the stability of a carbon shell derived from biomass, which protects against oxidation, increases surface area, and avoids the use of chemical solvents thanks to hydrothermal synthesis. The materials were characterized through electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, BET analysis, and elemental and magnetic tests. Two configurations were tested: ex situ, using synthetic biogas, and in situ, by adding nanoparticles directly into anaerobic digesters. In the ex situ tests, nanoparticles from olive mill residues (Fe/C = 0.05) and from microalgae (Fe/C = 0.2) achieved the best adsorption capacities, around 9.6 mg H₂S g⁻¹ CE-nFe. However, the presence of CO₂ in the gas mixture drastically reduced performance (<4 mg H₂S g⁻¹ CE-nFe), likely due to acidification and electrostatic repulsion in the suspension. Ten adsorption–regeneration cycles confirmed material reusability, with cumulative capacities of 53.2 mg H₂S g⁻¹ for olive-derived CE-nFe and 34.1 mg H₂S g⁻¹ for algal ones. In the in situ setup, microalgae-based nanoparticles (100–1000 mg L⁻¹) were tested in semi-continuous anaerobic digesters (21-day HRT). Compared with the control, reactors with CE-nFe showed higher methane and biogas yields—up to +23% CH₄ and +32% total biogas—and significantly lower H₂S levels (<100 ppm vs >500 ppm). Microbial analysis revealed enrichment of methanogenic families (e.g., Methanoregulaceae) without loss of diversity. Overall, CE-nFe nanoparticles proved effective for biogas upgrading by simultaneously improving gas purity and energy yield. The main limitation observed ex situ is CO₂ interference, which could be overcome by shifting from adsorption to catalytic oxidation (e.g., Fenton-like processes). Future research should optimize regeneration methods and develop scalable recovery strategies for in situ systems, ensuring environmental safety and economic feasibility.
Questa tesi esplora strategie innovative per migliorare la qualità del biogas, con particolare attenzione alla rimozione dell’idrogeno solforato (H₂S), un composto tossico e corrosivo. A questo scopo sono state sintetizzate nanoparticelle di ferro incapsulate in carbonio (CE-nFe) a partire da biomasse residue come le acque reflue olearie e le microalghe coltivate su effluenti urbani, valorizzando materiali di scarto ricchi di carbonio e connettendo innovazione tecnologica e sostenibilità circolare. Le CE-nFe combinano la reattività del ferro con la stabilità del rivestimento carbonioso, che ne migliora la durata nel tempo, aumenta la superficie specifica e consente di evitare l’uso di solventi chimici grazie alla sintesi idrotermale. I materiali sono stati caratterizzati mediante microscopia elettronica, diffrazione a raggi X, analisi BET, analisi elementari e test magnetici e di pH. Sono state condotte due tipologie di prove: ex situ, su biogas sintetico, e in situ, con aggiunta diretta delle nanoparticelle in digestori anaerobici. Nei test ex situ, le nanoparticelle ottenute da residui olearî (Fe/C = 0,05) e da microalghe (Fe/C = 0,2) hanno mostrato le migliori capacità di adsorbimento (circa 9,6 mg H₂S g⁻¹ CE-nFe). Tuttavia, la presenza di CO₂ nel gas ha ridotto drasticamente le prestazioni (<4 mg H₂S g⁻¹ CE-nFe), probabilmente a causa dell’acidificazione e delle interazioni repulsive nella sospensione. I cicli di adsorbimento–rigenerazione hanno confermato la riutilizzabilità dei materiali, con capacità cumulative di 53,2 mg H₂S g⁻¹ per le CE-nFe da residui olearî e 34,1 mg H₂S g⁻¹ per quelle da microalghe. Nel sistema in situ, le nanoparticelle a base di microalghe (100–1000 mg L⁻¹) sono state testate in digestori anaerobici semi-continui (HRT 21 giorni). Rispetto al controllo, i reattori con CE-nFe hanno mostrato incrementi significativi della produzione di metano (+23%) e biogas totale (+32%), mantenendo concentrazioni di H₂S inferiori a 100 ppm (contro >500 ppm nel controllo). Le analisi microbiologiche hanno evidenziato un arricchimento di famiglie metanogene (come Methanoregulaceae) senza riduzione della diversità complessiva. Nel complesso, le nanoparticelle CE-nFe si sono rivelate promettenti per il miglioramento del biogas, grazie alla doppia funzione di purificazione del gas e incremento della resa energetica. La principale criticità del sistema ex situ riguarda l’interferenza della CO₂, superabile orientando il processo verso l’ossidazione catalitica (es. reazioni tipo Fenton). Futuri sviluppi dovranno concentrarsi sull’ottimizzazione della rigenerazione e sul recupero scalabile delle nanoparticelle nei sistemi in situ, per garantire sicurezza ambientale e sostenibilità economica.
Passalacqua, E (2026). UPGRADING OF BIOGAS USING IRON NANOPARTICLES PRODUCED BY HTC. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
UPGRADING OF BIOGAS USING IRON NANOPARTICLES PRODUCED BY HTC
PASSALACQUA, ELENA
2026
Abstract
This thesis explores innovative strategies to enhance biogas quality, focusing on the removal of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a toxic and corrosive compound. Carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles (CE-nFe) were synthesized from residual biomasses such as olive mill wastewater and microalgae grown on municipal effluents, transforming waste materials into valuable functional nanomaterials and linking technological innovation with circular sustainability. The CE-nFe combine the reactivity of iron with the stability of a carbon shell derived from biomass, which protects against oxidation, increases surface area, and avoids the use of chemical solvents thanks to hydrothermal synthesis. The materials were characterized through electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, BET analysis, and elemental and magnetic tests. Two configurations were tested: ex situ, using synthetic biogas, and in situ, by adding nanoparticles directly into anaerobic digesters. In the ex situ tests, nanoparticles from olive mill residues (Fe/C = 0.05) and from microalgae (Fe/C = 0.2) achieved the best adsorption capacities, around 9.6 mg H₂S g⁻¹ CE-nFe. However, the presence of CO₂ in the gas mixture drastically reduced performance (<4 mg H₂S g⁻¹ CE-nFe), likely due to acidification and electrostatic repulsion in the suspension. Ten adsorption–regeneration cycles confirmed material reusability, with cumulative capacities of 53.2 mg H₂S g⁻¹ for olive-derived CE-nFe and 34.1 mg H₂S g⁻¹ for algal ones. In the in situ setup, microalgae-based nanoparticles (100–1000 mg L⁻¹) were tested in semi-continuous anaerobic digesters (21-day HRT). Compared with the control, reactors with CE-nFe showed higher methane and biogas yields—up to +23% CH₄ and +32% total biogas—and significantly lower H₂S levels (<100 ppm vs >500 ppm). Microbial analysis revealed enrichment of methanogenic families (e.g., Methanoregulaceae) without loss of diversity. Overall, CE-nFe nanoparticles proved effective for biogas upgrading by simultaneously improving gas purity and energy yield. The main limitation observed ex situ is CO₂ interference, which could be overcome by shifting from adsorption to catalytic oxidation (e.g., Fenton-like processes). Future research should optimize regeneration methods and develop scalable recovery strategies for in situ systems, ensuring environmental safety and economic feasibility.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: UPGRADING OF BIOGAS USING IRON NANOPARTICLES PRODUCED BY HTC
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