Background – Innate immunity and inflammation are known to play a role in cardiovascular disease. A growing body of evidence has implicated interleukin-1β as key in the formation and progression of atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and progression to heart failure. IL-1β selective inhibitors are currently clinically available, although not approved for use in cardiovascular disease. Canakinumab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting IL-1β, is effective in reducing recurrent ischemic events when used in secondary prevention in patients with prior AMI. Small pilot studies using Anakinra, recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist, in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) showed promising result in terms of safety as well as effectiveness in reducing acute inflammation. Objectives – The objectives of this thesis are confirming the effectiveness of acute IL-1β blockade in reducing the incidence of mortality and new onset heart failure after STEMI. Secondarily, we sought to understand the pathophysiology of heart failure after STEMI, and how it is impacted IL-1β modulation. Methods – The present work is articulated in two parts. First, we performed a pooled analysis of 3 randomized controlled trials comparing treatment with Anakinra vs placebo for 14 days after STEMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Primary endpoint was the composite of all-cause death, new hospitalization for heart failure (HF) and new episodes of HF, defined as new signs and symptoms of HF requiring unplanned outpatient visits or titration of HF therapy. Secondarily, we designed a new phase II, mechanistic investigator initiated randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of 14 days of treatment with Anakinra 100 mg daily or matching placebo on cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF), cardiac function and cardiac remodeling after STEMI treated with pPCI. Primary endpoint for the trial is CRF, measured as peak O2 consumption (pVO2) measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) 6 weeks after STEMI. Secondary endpoints of interest include comprehensive CPET evaluation, change in CPET parameters from 6 weeks to 1 year after the STEMI, cardiac systolic and diastolic reserve assessed by concomitant stress echocardiogram, left ventricular remodeling assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), as well as clinical endpoints including all-cause mortality and new onset heart failure 1 year after the event. Results – The pooled analysis included 139 patients enrolled in 3 previously conducted randomized controlled trials. Eighty-four subjects were assigned to Anakinra, while 55 received matching placebo. Anakinra was associated with a lower incidence of the primary endpoint at 1 year follow up (7 [8.2%] vs 16 [29.1%], log-rank p=0.007). No difference in the incidence of serious infections was noted (11 [13.1%] vs 7 [12.7%], p= 1.0). Effects were consistent across subgroups. Enrollment has been completed for 56/84 of the projected total enrollment of the new phase II trial aimed at assessing the impact of Anakinra on CRF after STEMI (NCT05177822). Time from STEMI to CPET was 41 (interquartile range [IQR] 39-43) days. Baseline median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 55% [IQR 49-58%]. Peak VO2 was 19.8 [16.5-23.2] mL·kg-1·min-1. Fifty-two of the 56 (93%) had a pVO2<100% of predicted, with 46 of the 56 (82%) <80% of predicted – indicating high prevalence of significantly impaired CRF after STEMI. Conclusions – Preliminary data from small pilot randomized suggest that IL-1 blockade after STEMI may reduce mortality and new onset HF at 1 year of follow up. The ongoing study will confirm these findings and help elucidating the pathophysiological impact of IL-1 blockade on cardiac remodeling.
Contesto – L’immunità innata e l’infiammazione svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nelle malattie cardiovascolari. Numerose evidenze indicano l’interleuchina-1β (IL-1β) come elemento chiave nella formazione e progressione dell’aterosclerosi, dell’infarto miocardico acuto (IMA) e dello sviluppo di insufficienza cardiaca. Inibitori selettivi di IL-1β sono già disponibili in clinica, sebbene non ancora approvati per uso cardiovascolare. Canakinumab, un anticorpo monoclonale umano diretto contro IL-1β, ha dimostrato di ridurre gli eventi ischemici ricorrenti nella prevenzione secondaria di pazienti con pregresso IMA. Studi pilota con Anakinra, un antagonista del recettore di IL-1, condotti in pazienti con infarto miocardico con sopraslivellamento del tratto ST (STEMI), hanno evidenziato un buon profilo di sicurezza e una riduzione dell’infiammazione acuta, suggerendo anche una possibile diminuzione della mortalità a medio termine e dell’incidenza di insufficienza cardiaca. Obiettivi – Scopo di questa tesi è confermare l’efficacia del blocco acuto di IL-1β nella riduzione della mortalità e dell’insorgenza di nuova insufficienza cardiaca dopo STEMI. In secondo luogo, si intende approfondire la fisiopatologia dello scompenso cardiaco post-STEMI e come questa sia influenzata dalla modulazione di IL-1β. Metodi – Il lavoro è articolato in due parti. In primo luogo, È stata condotta un’analisi combinata di tre trial clinici randomizzati che hanno confrontato Anakinra vs placebo per 14 giorni dopo STEMI trattato con angioplastica primaria (pPCI). L’endpoint primario era un composito di morte per qualsiasi causa, nuovo ricovero per scompenso cardiaco o nuovi episodi di scompenso (definiti come comparsa di segni e sintomi di scompenso che richiedevano visite non programmate o aggiustamenti terapeutici). Secondariamente, È stato inoltre progettato uno studio meccanicistico di fase II, randomizzato e controllato, per valutare l’effetto di 14 giorni di trattamento con Anakinra 100 mg/die o placebo su capacità cardiorespiratoria (CRF), funzione e rimodellamento cardiaco dopo STEMI trattato con pPCI. L’endpoint primario è la CRF, misurata come consumo massimo di ossigeno (pVO₂) al test cardiopolmonare (CPET) a 6 settimane dall’evento. Endpoint secondari includono la variazione dei parametri del CPET fino a 1 anno, la riserva sistolica e diastolica valutata con ecostress, il rimodellamento ventricolare sinistro tramite risonanza magnetica cardiaca (CMR) e gli outcome clinici (mortalità e nuova insufficienza cardiaca a 1 anno). Risultati – L’analisi aggregata ha incluso 139 pazienti provenienti dai tre studi precedenti: 84 trattati con Anakinra e 55 con placebo. Dopo un anno di follow-up, il gruppo Anakinra ha mostrato un’incidenza significativamente inferiore dell’endpoint primario (7 [8,2%] vs 16 [29,1%]; log-rank p=0,007), senza differenze significative nell’incidenza di infezioni gravi (11 [13,1%] vs 7 [12,7%]; p=1,0). Gli effetti sono risultati coerenti tra i sottogruppi analizzati. Nel nuovo trial di fase II (NCT05177822), il reclutamento e la valutazione basale sono stati completati per 56 dei 84 pazienti previsti. Il tempo mediano tra STEMI e CPET era di 41 giorni (IQR 39–43). La frazione di eiezione ventricolare sinistra (FEVS) mediana era del 55% (IQR 49–58), mentre il pVO₂ mediano era 19,8 [16,5–23,2] mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹. La maggior parte dei pazienti (93%) presentava una CRF ridotta (<100% del valore previsto), e l’82% inferiore all’80%, indicando un’elevata prevalenza di ridotta capacità cardiorespiratoria 6 settimane dopo STEMI. Conclusioni – I dati preliminari dei piccoli studi randomizzati suggeriscono che il blocco di IL-1 dopo STEMI possa ridurre mortalità e nuova insufficienza cardiaca a un anno. Lo studio in corso potrà confermare questi risultati e chiarire l’impatto fisiopatologico del blocco di IL-1 sul rimodellamento cardiaco.
Moroni, F (2026). IL-1 blockade in the acute phase of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: pathophysiological insights from Phase II, investigator initiated randomized controlled trials. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
IL-1 blockade in the acute phase of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: pathophysiological insights from Phase II, investigator initiated randomized controlled trials
MORONI, FRANCESCO
2026
Abstract
Background – Innate immunity and inflammation are known to play a role in cardiovascular disease. A growing body of evidence has implicated interleukin-1β as key in the formation and progression of atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and progression to heart failure. IL-1β selective inhibitors are currently clinically available, although not approved for use in cardiovascular disease. Canakinumab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting IL-1β, is effective in reducing recurrent ischemic events when used in secondary prevention in patients with prior AMI. Small pilot studies using Anakinra, recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist, in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) showed promising result in terms of safety as well as effectiveness in reducing acute inflammation. Objectives – The objectives of this thesis are confirming the effectiveness of acute IL-1β blockade in reducing the incidence of mortality and new onset heart failure after STEMI. Secondarily, we sought to understand the pathophysiology of heart failure after STEMI, and how it is impacted IL-1β modulation. Methods – The present work is articulated in two parts. First, we performed a pooled analysis of 3 randomized controlled trials comparing treatment with Anakinra vs placebo for 14 days after STEMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Primary endpoint was the composite of all-cause death, new hospitalization for heart failure (HF) and new episodes of HF, defined as new signs and symptoms of HF requiring unplanned outpatient visits or titration of HF therapy. Secondarily, we designed a new phase II, mechanistic investigator initiated randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of 14 days of treatment with Anakinra 100 mg daily or matching placebo on cardio-respiratory fitness (CRF), cardiac function and cardiac remodeling after STEMI treated with pPCI. Primary endpoint for the trial is CRF, measured as peak O2 consumption (pVO2) measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) 6 weeks after STEMI. Secondary endpoints of interest include comprehensive CPET evaluation, change in CPET parameters from 6 weeks to 1 year after the STEMI, cardiac systolic and diastolic reserve assessed by concomitant stress echocardiogram, left ventricular remodeling assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), as well as clinical endpoints including all-cause mortality and new onset heart failure 1 year after the event. Results – The pooled analysis included 139 patients enrolled in 3 previously conducted randomized controlled trials. Eighty-four subjects were assigned to Anakinra, while 55 received matching placebo. Anakinra was associated with a lower incidence of the primary endpoint at 1 year follow up (7 [8.2%] vs 16 [29.1%], log-rank p=0.007). No difference in the incidence of serious infections was noted (11 [13.1%] vs 7 [12.7%], p= 1.0). Effects were consistent across subgroups. Enrollment has been completed for 56/84 of the projected total enrollment of the new phase II trial aimed at assessing the impact of Anakinra on CRF after STEMI (NCT05177822). Time from STEMI to CPET was 41 (interquartile range [IQR] 39-43) days. Baseline median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 55% [IQR 49-58%]. Peak VO2 was 19.8 [16.5-23.2] mL·kg-1·min-1. Fifty-two of the 56 (93%) had a pVO2<100% of predicted, with 46 of the 56 (82%) <80% of predicted – indicating high prevalence of significantly impaired CRF after STEMI. Conclusions – Preliminary data from small pilot randomized suggest that IL-1 blockade after STEMI may reduce mortality and new onset HF at 1 year of follow up. The ongoing study will confirm these findings and help elucidating the pathophysiological impact of IL-1 blockade on cardiac remodeling.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: IL-1 blockade in the acute phase of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: pathophysiological insights from Phase II, investigator initiated randomized controlled trials
Tipologia di allegato:
Doctoral thesis
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2.02 MB
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