The present thesis analyses the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in Milan (Italy), with a focus on summertime conditions and thermal exposure in outdoor spaces. Given the variability of this phenomenon at different scales, the study adopts a multiscale, multi-sensor approach. This combines remote sensing, spectral indices, ancillary land cover and land use information, in situ monitoring and numerical modelling. This integration links metropolitan patterns, intra-urban variability and microclimatic conditions experienced at pedestrian height. At the metropolitan scale, surface UHI is reconstructed using satellite thermal observations, alongside ancillary spatial data and multivariate analysis, to identify recurring spatial structures and their links with impervious surfaces, vegetation and major infrastructure. At the district scale, the heterogeneous and evolving Bicocca district is analysed, revealing stable internal contrasts: surface temperature differences between paved and vegetated areas are significant, while air temperature differences are smaller yet consistent during warm periods. At the site scale, the regeneration phases of Piazza della Scienza (University of Milano-Bicocca) are investigated using field measurements and validated microclimate modelling. This allows consistent comparisons among mitigation scenarios and the assessment of their effects on microclimate. The results demonstrate that urban heat island effects in Milan are both spatially structured and scale dependent. Metropolitan patterns highlight recurring hotspots and mitigating sectors linked to imperviousness, vegetation, and major urban systems. District analyses reveal stable internal contrasts that translate these signals into site-relevant exposure conditions. At the site scale, the assessment confirms that material changes mainly affect surface temperatures, whereas outdoor comfort is largely shaped by the radiative environment and therefore by shading and vegetation development. Trade-offs can emerge with higher albedo, and vegetation performance depends on realistic management conditions. The thesis aims to support regeneration and design choices by translating multi-scale analyses into criteria for prioritising interventions and for optimising mitigation strategies based on microclimate and thermal comfort assesment.

La presente tesi analizza il fenomeno dell’Urban Heat Island (UHI) a Milano (Italia), con particolare attenzione alle condizioni estive e all’esposizione termica negli spazi aperti. Data la variabilità del fenomeno alle diverse scale, lo studio adotta un approccio multiscala e multisensore, che combina osservazioni da remoto, indici spettrali, informazioni ausiliarie su land cover e land use, monitoraggi in situ e modellazione numerica. Questa integrazione mette in relazione i pattern metropolitani, la variabilità intra-urbana e le condizioni microclimatiche sperimentate a livello pedonale. Alla scala metropolitana, l’UHI superficiale viene ricostruita mediante osservazioni satellitari e interpretata con il supporto di dati spaziali ausiliari e analisi multivariata, al fine di individuare strutture spaziali ricorrenti e le loro relazioni con superfici impermeabili, vegetazione e principali infrastrutture. Alla scala di distretto, viene analizzato il contesto eterogeneo e in trasformazione della Bicocca, evidenziando contrasti interni stabili: le differenze di temperatura superficiale tra aree pavimentate e vegetate risultano significative, mentre le differenze della temperatura dell’aria sono più contenute ma coerenti nei periodi caldi. Alla scala di sito, le fasi di rigenerazione di Piazza della Scienza (Università di Milano-Bicocca) sono investigate tramite misure di campo e modellazione microclimatica validata, consentendo confronti consistenti tra scenari di mitigazione e la valutazione dei loro effetti sul microclima. I risultati mostrano che gli effetti dell’isola di calore urbana a Milano sono spazialmente strutturati e dipendenti dalla scala. Le analisi metropolitane evidenziano hotspot ricorrenti e settori mitiganti associati a impermeabilizzazione, vegetazione e principali sistemi urbani. Le analisi a scala di distretto mettono in luce contrasti interni stabili che traducono tali segnali in condizioni di esposizione rilevanti a scala locale. Alla scala di sito, l’analisi conferma che i cambi di materiali influenzano soprattutto le temperature superficiali, mentre il comfort all’aperto è determinato in larga misura dalla componente radiativa e quindi da ombreggiamento e sviluppo della vegetazione. Possono emergere compromessi legati all’aumento di albedo e l’efficacia della vegetazione dipende da condizioni gestionali realistiche. La tesi mira a supportare scelte di rigenerazione e di progetto traducendo le analisi multiscala in criteri per la prioritarizzazione degli interventi e per l’ottimizzazione delle strategie di mitigazione sulla base di valutazioni microclimatiche e di comfort termico.

Gallia, L (2026). NATURE BASE SOLUTION FOR URBAN REGENERATION: STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF GREENING AND DE-PAVING TO REDUCE THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

NATURE BASE SOLUTION FOR URBAN REGENERATION: STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF GREENING AND DE-PAVING TO REDUCE THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND

GALLIA, LUCA
2026

Abstract

The present thesis analyses the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in Milan (Italy), with a focus on summertime conditions and thermal exposure in outdoor spaces. Given the variability of this phenomenon at different scales, the study adopts a multiscale, multi-sensor approach. This combines remote sensing, spectral indices, ancillary land cover and land use information, in situ monitoring and numerical modelling. This integration links metropolitan patterns, intra-urban variability and microclimatic conditions experienced at pedestrian height. At the metropolitan scale, surface UHI is reconstructed using satellite thermal observations, alongside ancillary spatial data and multivariate analysis, to identify recurring spatial structures and their links with impervious surfaces, vegetation and major infrastructure. At the district scale, the heterogeneous and evolving Bicocca district is analysed, revealing stable internal contrasts: surface temperature differences between paved and vegetated areas are significant, while air temperature differences are smaller yet consistent during warm periods. At the site scale, the regeneration phases of Piazza della Scienza (University of Milano-Bicocca) are investigated using field measurements and validated microclimate modelling. This allows consistent comparisons among mitigation scenarios and the assessment of their effects on microclimate. The results demonstrate that urban heat island effects in Milan are both spatially structured and scale dependent. Metropolitan patterns highlight recurring hotspots and mitigating sectors linked to imperviousness, vegetation, and major urban systems. District analyses reveal stable internal contrasts that translate these signals into site-relevant exposure conditions. At the site scale, the assessment confirms that material changes mainly affect surface temperatures, whereas outdoor comfort is largely shaped by the radiative environment and therefore by shading and vegetation development. Trade-offs can emerge with higher albedo, and vegetation performance depends on realistic management conditions. The thesis aims to support regeneration and design choices by translating multi-scale analyses into criteria for prioritising interventions and for optimising mitigation strategies based on microclimate and thermal comfort assesment.
CROSTA, GIOVANNI
AGLIARDI, FEDERICO
Isola Calore Urbana; Multiscala; Monitoraggio; Modellazione; Termico
Urban heat Island; Multiscale; Monitoring; Modelling; Thermal
English
18-mag-2026
38
2024/2025
open
Gallia, L (2026). NATURE BASE SOLUTION FOR URBAN REGENERATION: STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF GREENING AND DE-PAVING TO REDUCE THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/608466
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