A new demographic trend, characterized by a progressive increase in the aging population, has prevailed in Italy and worldwide. However, a substantial rise in life expectancy has corresponded with more age-related diseases, including dementia, which undermine both older adults’ quality of life and the integrity of healthcare systems. In this context, primary prevention (i.e., action taken to avoid or remove the cause of a health problem before it occurs) represents a key strategy to proactively address challenges linked to cognitive decline and promote cognitive functioning in later life. Indeed, minimizing risk factors and maximizing the impact of protective ones would be essential to foster active aging. Among dementia risk factors, reduced cognitive stimulation from midlife onwards also appears to increase the risk of cognitive decline. Yet, Stern’s model of cognitive reserve highlights the importance of lifetime experiences which, interacting with genetics, would make neural networks flexible and adaptive, increasing the brain's resilience to aging and possible diseases. In particular, engaging in multiple and different cognitively stimulating activities throughout life emerges as one of the determining factors in maintaining and supporting cognitive health. With advancing age, staying cognitively active becomes even more important, whether driven by personal needs or through changes induced by structured activities. In this dissertation, two cognitively stimulating activities are explored, reading and cognitive interventions. Especially during aging, reading supports cognitive stimulation, daily-life autonomy and the promotion of well-being and socialization. Nevertheless, like for other cognitive processes, reading ability would be negatively impacted by typically occurring cognitive changes in older adults. Anyway, cognitive factors underlying the age-related decline in reading remain insufficiently explored. Chapter 2 is dedicated to this specific topic. Study 1 is an exploratory work investigating the actual decline in reading during healthy aging, considering the impact of non-linguistic components and an active lifestyle on it. This study also examines the role of visual acuity, specific attentional mechanisms, and crowding effect as potential factors contributing to reading decline. In line with the preliminary results from this first contribution, Study 2 explores the role of the main cognitive processes and attention, particularly the selective visuo-spatial component, in age-related reading decline. Together, these two studies represent an initial step towards a better understanding of cognitive mechanisms underlying reading deterioration in aging. Chapter 3 covers cognitive training. Specifically, Study 3 presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive interventions in healthy aging, using a Bayesian approach to provide more precise results about their efficacy. Study 4 examines the longitudinal association between cognitive functioning and life satisfaction, evaluating its protective role against cognitive decline, also in future interventions, and potential sex-specific differences. In line with the chapter’s focus, Study 5 reports results of a cognitive training, specifically targeting executive functions, comparing its impact in cognitively healthy older participants and individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), according to the idea that MCI may still represent a valid window for intervention. Finally, Chapter 4 includes one work, Study 6, which describes the In-Tempo project, the first Italian contribution on multimodal interventions, based on the FINGER model. Since the project is still ongoing, Study 6 reports the study protocol and explores preliminary baseline characteristics of enrolled participants, as well as those who withdrew. Chapter 5 concludes the dissertation with a summary of all the findings, also discussing their future practical implications.

Un nuovo trend demografico, caratterizzato dal progressivo aumento della popolazione over 65 anni, è ormai prevalente in Italia e nel mondo. L’incremento dell’aspettativa di vita si è però accompagnato ad una crescente diffusione di patologie correlate all'età, tra cui la demenza, con ricadute negative sulla qualità di vita degli anziani e sull’integrità dei sistemi sanitari. In questo contesto, la prevenzione primaria rappresenta la strategia chiave per affrontare concretamente le sfide legate alla demenza e promuovere il funzionamento cognitivo con il progredire dell’età. Minimizzare i fattori di rischio e massimizzare quelli di protezione è quindi essenziale per favorire un invecchiamento attivo. Tra i primi, una ridotta stimolazione cognitiva dalla mezza età in poi sembra aumentare il rischio di sviluppare declino cognitivo. Già il modello di riserva cognitiva di Stern sottolineava come molteplici esperienze di vita, in interazione con la genetica, renderebbero i circuiti neurali più flessibili e resilienti verso l’invecchiamento e potenziali patologie. Partecipare ad attività stimolanti e diversificate nel corso della vita emerge in particolare come fattore determinante nel supportare la salute cognitiva. Con l’avanzare dell’età mantenersi cognitivamente attivi diventa ancora più rilevante, come risultato sia di esigenze personali sia di cambiamenti indotti da interventi strutturati. In questa tesi vengono esaminate due attività cognitivamente stimolanti, la lettura e gli interventi cognitivi. In invecchiamento la lettura supporta il funzionamento cognitivo, il mantenimento dell’autonomia quotidiana, la promozione di benessere e reti sociali. Tuttavia, come per altri processi cognitivi, anche la lettura risentirebbe negativamente dell’impatto dei cambiamenti cognitivi legati all’età. I fattori cognitivi sottostanti al declino di tale abilità rimangono comunque poco esplorati. Il Capitolo 2 è dedicato a questo tema. Lo Studio 1 è un lavoro esplorativo che indaga l’effettivo declino della lettura nell’invecchiamento sano, considerando anche componenti non linguistiche e lo stile di vita ad essa associato, e il ruolo di acuità visiva, specifiche componenti attentive e crowding come fattori che potrebbero spiegarne il peggioramento. In linea con i risultati di questo lavoro, lo Studio 2 approfondisce il ruolo dei principali processi cognitivi e attentivi, in particolare dell’attenzione selettiva visuo-spaziale, nel declino della lettura legato all’età. Entrambi gli studi rappresentano un primo step verso una migliore comprensione dei fattori coinvolti in tale processo. Gli interventi cognitivi sono trattati nel Capitolo 3. Lo Studio 3 presenta una revisione sistematica e metanalisi bayesiana sugli interventi cognitivi nell’invecchiamento sano, svolta al fine di fornire risultati più precisi circa la loro efficacia. Lo Studio 4 esplora l’associazione longitudinale tra cognizione e benessere psicologico, valutandone il ruolo protettivo nel declino cognitivo, anche in futuri interventi, e possibili differenze di genere. Lo Studio 5 riporta i risultati di un training cognitivo, ideato per stimolare le funzioni esecutive, comparandone l’impatto in anziani sani e in altri con Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), in accordo con l’idea che il MCI rappresenti ancora una valida finestra di intervento. Infine il Capitolo 4 include lo Studio 6, dedicato al progetto In-Tempo, il primo contributo italiano sugli interventi multimodali, basato sul modello FINGER. Essendo il progetto ancora in corso, lo Studio 6 esamina il protocollo dello studio, le caratteristiche di baseline dei partecipanti attualmente arruolati e di coloro che lo hanno abbandonato. Il Capitolo 5 chiude questa tesi, sintetizzando i risultati principali degli studi inclusi e discutendone le implicazioni pratiche future.

Pegoraro, S (2026). COGNITIVELY STIMULATING ACTIVITIES IN HEALTHY AGING AS MEANS OF PRIMARY PREVENTION OF COGNITIVE DECLINE: INSIGHTS FROM READING AND COGNITIVE TRAINING. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).

COGNITIVELY STIMULATING ACTIVITIES IN HEALTHY AGING AS MEANS OF PRIMARY PREVENTION OF COGNITIVE DECLINE: INSIGHTS FROM READING AND COGNITIVE TRAINING

PEGORARO, SARA
2026

Abstract

A new demographic trend, characterized by a progressive increase in the aging population, has prevailed in Italy and worldwide. However, a substantial rise in life expectancy has corresponded with more age-related diseases, including dementia, which undermine both older adults’ quality of life and the integrity of healthcare systems. In this context, primary prevention (i.e., action taken to avoid or remove the cause of a health problem before it occurs) represents a key strategy to proactively address challenges linked to cognitive decline and promote cognitive functioning in later life. Indeed, minimizing risk factors and maximizing the impact of protective ones would be essential to foster active aging. Among dementia risk factors, reduced cognitive stimulation from midlife onwards also appears to increase the risk of cognitive decline. Yet, Stern’s model of cognitive reserve highlights the importance of lifetime experiences which, interacting with genetics, would make neural networks flexible and adaptive, increasing the brain's resilience to aging and possible diseases. In particular, engaging in multiple and different cognitively stimulating activities throughout life emerges as one of the determining factors in maintaining and supporting cognitive health. With advancing age, staying cognitively active becomes even more important, whether driven by personal needs or through changes induced by structured activities. In this dissertation, two cognitively stimulating activities are explored, reading and cognitive interventions. Especially during aging, reading supports cognitive stimulation, daily-life autonomy and the promotion of well-being and socialization. Nevertheless, like for other cognitive processes, reading ability would be negatively impacted by typically occurring cognitive changes in older adults. Anyway, cognitive factors underlying the age-related decline in reading remain insufficiently explored. Chapter 2 is dedicated to this specific topic. Study 1 is an exploratory work investigating the actual decline in reading during healthy aging, considering the impact of non-linguistic components and an active lifestyle on it. This study also examines the role of visual acuity, specific attentional mechanisms, and crowding effect as potential factors contributing to reading decline. In line with the preliminary results from this first contribution, Study 2 explores the role of the main cognitive processes and attention, particularly the selective visuo-spatial component, in age-related reading decline. Together, these two studies represent an initial step towards a better understanding of cognitive mechanisms underlying reading deterioration in aging. Chapter 3 covers cognitive training. Specifically, Study 3 presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive interventions in healthy aging, using a Bayesian approach to provide more precise results about their efficacy. Study 4 examines the longitudinal association between cognitive functioning and life satisfaction, evaluating its protective role against cognitive decline, also in future interventions, and potential sex-specific differences. In line with the chapter’s focus, Study 5 reports results of a cognitive training, specifically targeting executive functions, comparing its impact in cognitively healthy older participants and individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), according to the idea that MCI may still represent a valid window for intervention. Finally, Chapter 4 includes one work, Study 6, which describes the In-Tempo project, the first Italian contribution on multimodal interventions, based on the FINGER model. Since the project is still ongoing, Study 6 reports the study protocol and explores preliminary baseline characteristics of enrolled participants, as well as those who withdrew. Chapter 5 concludes the dissertation with a summary of all the findings, also discussing their future practical implications.
DAINI, ROBERTA
Invecchiamento sano; Cognizione; Lettura; Intervento cognitivo; Training cognitivi
Healthy aging; Cognition; Reading; Cognitive program; Cognitive training
Settore PSIC-01/B - Neuropsicologia e neuroscienze cognitive
English
10-apr-2026
38
2024/2025
embargoed_20290410
Pegoraro, S (2026). COGNITIVELY STIMULATING ACTIVITIES IN HEALTHY AGING AS MEANS OF PRIMARY PREVENTION OF COGNITIVE DECLINE: INSIGHTS FROM READING AND COGNITIVE TRAINING. (Tesi di dottorato, , 2026).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/601742
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