Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers in western countries, with a median survival of 6 months and an extremely low percentage of long-term surviving patients. KRAS mutations are known to be a driver event of PDAC, but targeting mutant KRAS has proved challenging. As new targeted agents are becoming available for clinical trial we aimed to design improved therapeutic approaches for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by means of in vitro and in vivo models of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Methods We analyzed the results of a high-throughput screening of >500 human cancer cell lines (including 46 PDAC lines), for sensitivity to 50 clinically-relevant compounds. We designed two different strategies including 1) a JAK2 inhibitor that blocks STAT3 function and 2) a MEK1/2 inhibitor, AZD-6244, for efficacy alone or in combination with the PI3K inhibitors, BKM-120 or GDC-0941, in a KRASG12D-driven GEMM that recapitulates the multi-step pathogenesis of human PDAC. Results 1) JAK2 inhibitor: Large-scale screening of cancer cell lines with a JAK2 inhibitor that blocks STAT3 function revealed a >30-fold range in sensitivity in PDAC, and showed a close correlation of sensitivity with levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3 and of the gp130 receptor, an upstream signaling component. Correspondingly, upregulation of the IL6/LIF-gp130 pathway accounted for the strong STAT3 activation in PDAC subsets. To define functions of STAT3 in vivo, we developed mouse models that test the impact of conditional inactivation of STAT3 in KRAS-driven PDAC. We showed that STAT3 is required for the development of the earliest pre-malignant pancreatic lesions, acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). Moreover, acute STAT3 inactivation blocked PDAC initiation in a second in vivo model. Our results demonstrate that STAT3 has critical roles throughout the course of PDAC pathogenesis, supporting the development of therapeutic approaches targeting this pathway. Moreover, our work suggests that gp130 and phospho-STAT3 expression may be effective biomarkers for predicting response to JAK2 inhibitors. 2) MEK1/2/PI3K inhibitors: In vitro screens revealed that PDAC cell lines are relatively resistant to single-agent therapies. The response profile to the MEK1/2 inhibitor, AZD-6244, was an outlier, showing the highest selective efficacy in PDAC. While MEK inhibition alone was mainly cytostatic, apoptosis was induced when combined with PI3K inhibitors (BKM-120 or GDC-0941). When tested in a PDAC GEMM and compared to the single agents or vehicle controls, the combination delayed tumor formation in the setting of prevention and extended survival when used to treat advanced tumors, although no durable responses were observed. Conclusions: Our studies point to 1)JAK2 as a therapeutic target in GP130 high pancreatic cancers and 2) important contributions of MEK and PI3K signaling to PDAC pathogenesis suggesting that dual targeting of these pathways may provide benefit in some PDAC patients.
L’adenocarcinoma pancreatico e’ una delle neoplasie con piu’ alta mortalita’ nei paesi occidentali, con una sopravvivenza media di 6 mesi e una percentuale estremamente bassa di sopravvivenza a lungo termine. L’evento principale nello sviluppo dell’adenocarcinoma pancreatico e’ la mutazione del gene KRAS, che tuttavia e’ particolarmente difficile da colpire a livello molecolare. Strategie terapeutiche piu’ efficaci per l’adenocarcinoma pancreatico possono derivare dall’impiego di terapie molecolari. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro e’ quello di identificare nuovi meccanismi e molecolari e strategie terapeutiche per l’adenocarcinoma pancreatico attraverso l’uso modelli cellulari e murini KRAS mutati. Metodi Abbiamo analizzato i risultatiti dello screening di 50 molecole su piu’ di 500 linee cellulari tumorali (incluso 46 di adenocarcinoma pancreatico). Abbiamo disegnato due strategie differenti incluso: 1) un inibitore di JAK2 che inibisce funzionalmente STAT3 e 2) un inibitore di MEK1/2 (AZD-6244), in monoterapia o in combinazione con un inibitore di PI3K (BKM-120 e GDC-0941), in un modello murino KRAS mutato che ricapitola la progressione istopatologica dell’adenocarcinoma pancreatico. Risultati 1) JAK2: lo screening su larga scala di linee cellulari con un inibitore di JAK2 ha mostrato che l’adenocarcinoma pancreatico mostra una sensitivita’ aumentata ( fino a >30 volte) per questa molecola. La sensitivita’ correla con il livello di espressione di pSTAT3 e gp130, un recettore a monte della cascata di STAT3. Abbiamo inoltre osservato che il sottogruppo di adenocarcinoma pancreatico con alti livelli di STAT3 mostra una attivazione costante del pathway IL6/LIF-gp130. Per definire la funzione di STAT3 nell’adenocarcinoma pancreatico, abbiamo quindi sviluppato un modello murino condizionale per STAT3. STAT3 e’ necessario precocemente per lo sviluppo the di lesioni pre-neoplastiche come PanIN (Neoplasia pancretica intraepiteliale) e ADM (Metaplasia acino-duttale). In aggiunta, l’inattivazione di STAT3 blocca lo sviluppo dell’adenocarcinoma pancreatico in un modello ortotopico. I nostri risultati dimostrano che STAT3 ha un ruolo critico nella inizio e progressione dell’adenocarcinoma pancreatico, indicando che la sua inibizione possa essere una strategia terapeutica efficace. Inoltre dimostra che l’espressione di gp130 e pSTAT3 possa essere un biomarker efficace per predire la risposta a un inbitore di JAK2. 2) MEK/PI3K: un altro dato emerso dal nostro screening cellulare e’ che l’adenocarcionoma pancreatico e’ relativamente resistente a monoterapie. Il profilo dell’inibitore di MEK1/2. AZD-6244, ha mostrato una alta efficacia per l’adenocarcinoma pancreatico. Abbiamo tuttavia notato che per indurre apoptosi era necessario associare un inibitore di PI3K (BKM-120 o GDC-0941). Abbiamo testato questa combinazione in modelli murini di adenocarcinoma pacreatico e comparato con trattamento in monoterapia, agenti tradizionali e placebo. La combinazione di MEK e PI3K ha mostrato di ritardare l’insorgenza dei tumori e di aumentare la soopravvivenza in tumori avanzati, sebbene i tumori tendessero a ricorrere nel lungo termine. Conclusioni Questo lavoro dimostra che 1)JAK2 e’ un target molecolare per il trattamento dell’adenocarcinoma pancreatico, in particolare in tumori con alti livelli di GP130; 2) MEK e PI3K sono essenziali nella progressione dell’adenocarcinoma pancreatico e la loro inibizione combinata potrebbe rappresentare una efficace strategia terapeutica.
(2014). Rational design of targeted therapies for Pancreatic adenocarcinoma in K-ras GEMMs. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014).
Rational design of targeted therapies for Pancreatic adenocarcinoma in K-ras GEMMs
CONTINO, GIANMARCO
2014
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers in western countries, with a median survival of 6 months and an extremely low percentage of long-term surviving patients. KRAS mutations are known to be a driver event of PDAC, but targeting mutant KRAS has proved challenging. As new targeted agents are becoming available for clinical trial we aimed to design improved therapeutic approaches for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by means of in vitro and in vivo models of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Methods We analyzed the results of a high-throughput screening of >500 human cancer cell lines (including 46 PDAC lines), for sensitivity to 50 clinically-relevant compounds. We designed two different strategies including 1) a JAK2 inhibitor that blocks STAT3 function and 2) a MEK1/2 inhibitor, AZD-6244, for efficacy alone or in combination with the PI3K inhibitors, BKM-120 or GDC-0941, in a KRASG12D-driven GEMM that recapitulates the multi-step pathogenesis of human PDAC. Results 1) JAK2 inhibitor: Large-scale screening of cancer cell lines with a JAK2 inhibitor that blocks STAT3 function revealed a >30-fold range in sensitivity in PDAC, and showed a close correlation of sensitivity with levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3 and of the gp130 receptor, an upstream signaling component. Correspondingly, upregulation of the IL6/LIF-gp130 pathway accounted for the strong STAT3 activation in PDAC subsets. To define functions of STAT3 in vivo, we developed mouse models that test the impact of conditional inactivation of STAT3 in KRAS-driven PDAC. We showed that STAT3 is required for the development of the earliest pre-malignant pancreatic lesions, acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). Moreover, acute STAT3 inactivation blocked PDAC initiation in a second in vivo model. Our results demonstrate that STAT3 has critical roles throughout the course of PDAC pathogenesis, supporting the development of therapeutic approaches targeting this pathway. Moreover, our work suggests that gp130 and phospho-STAT3 expression may be effective biomarkers for predicting response to JAK2 inhibitors. 2) MEK1/2/PI3K inhibitors: In vitro screens revealed that PDAC cell lines are relatively resistant to single-agent therapies. The response profile to the MEK1/2 inhibitor, AZD-6244, was an outlier, showing the highest selective efficacy in PDAC. While MEK inhibition alone was mainly cytostatic, apoptosis was induced when combined with PI3K inhibitors (BKM-120 or GDC-0941). When tested in a PDAC GEMM and compared to the single agents or vehicle controls, the combination delayed tumor formation in the setting of prevention and extended survival when used to treat advanced tumors, although no durable responses were observed. Conclusions: Our studies point to 1)JAK2 as a therapeutic target in GP130 high pancreatic cancers and 2) important contributions of MEK and PI3K signaling to PDAC pathogenesis suggesting that dual targeting of these pathways may provide benefit in some PDAC patients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: PhD thesis
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