The research on the topic of atypical evidence stems from the need to confront the applicative distortions of the code's dictate, especially of Article 189 c.p.p. This Article outlines a legislative framework with stringent requirements within which it admits the taking of evidence not regulated by law. In an attempt to offer an orderly reconstruction of the subject under research, ample space was devoted in the first chapter of the thesis to the genesis of Article 189 c.p.p. To this end, a historical reconstruction of past evidentiary systems that have influenced the normative evolution up to the present day was undertaken. In particular, the system of legal evidence was analyzed in order to highlight the critical issues that led to the emergence of the principle of intimate belief, which evolved, later, into free belief, to which freedom in the assumptive and acquisitive phase of evidence was also soon anchored, thus confusing the evaluative plane with other segments of the evidentiary process. This reconstruction made it possible to highlight how, in the first codes of united Italy, an undue overlap was made between free conviction and evidentiary freedom, so much so as to assign to the judge unlimited power to search for and take evidence, with the correlated sacrifice of procedural guarantees and, in particular, of an effective right of defense. Considerable space was then devoted to the preparatory work of the current code where the positions of those who considered it necessary to close the evidentiary catalog were contrasted with those who considered it essential to admit an opening in order to be able to incorporate any scientific or technical novelties. The legislature opted for an intermediate choice between freedom and taxativity, providing careful discipline for typical evidence, but admitting the possibility of taking atypical evidence as well, in a context marked by the "culture of the legality of evidentiary law." In the second chapter, space was devoted precisely to the legality of evidentiary law, analyzing, first of all, the "General Provisions," contained in Title I of Book III of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which affect (also) atypical evidence, and then dwelling, specifically, on the criteria for admission and the manner of taking atypical evidence. There, the sanction of the unusability of evidence acquired in violation of the law was explored, with particular attention, as a fundamental norm for defining the scope of application of Article 189 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and, above all, the boundary between atypical evidence (admissible) and irritable evidence (unusable). The in-depth study developed in the first two chapters of this thesis has made it possible to demonstrate the inadequacy of the choice made by the 1989 legislature to allow the taking of atypical evidence, given that, in 34 years of the code's existence, no evidence other than typical evidence has ever emerged. The absence of innominate evidence should correspond to the dead letter of Article 189 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which is, instead, invoked daily in courtrooms. For this reason, the second part of the thesis focuses precisely on jurisprudential patterns of "atypicality of evidence." The study of individual irregular evidence makes it possible to highlight how the casual use of Article 189 of the Code of Criminal Procedure results in an infringement of legality and, therefore, of Article 111 Const. Thus, the analysis of the practical inconveniences to which the application of Article 189 c.p.p. leads, makes it necessary to rule out the instance increasingly advanced, even in doctrine, of rethinking legality in a new form: the so-called jurisprudential legality. While recognizing the positive aspects of this phenomenon, the reasons for considering the need to recover formal legality as indispensable are definitely prevalent.
La ricerca sul tema delle prove atipiche nasce dall’esigenza di confrontarsi con le distorsioni applicative del dettato codicistico, in particolar modo dell’art. 189 c.p.p. Tale disposizione traccia una cornice legislativa dai requisiti stringenti entro i quali ammette l’assunzione di prove non disciplinate dalla legge. Nel tentativo di offrire un’ordinata ricostruzione del tema oggetto di ricerca, si è dedicato, nel primo capitolo della tesi, ampio spazio alla genesi dell’art. 189 c.p.p., codificato all’esito di un intenso dibattito circa la scelta alternativa tra il principio di libertà e il principio di tassatività delle prove penali. A tale scopo, si è provveduto a una ricostruzione storica dei sistemi probatori del passato che hanno influenzato l’evoluzione normativa fino ai giorni nostri. In particolare, si è analizzato il sistema delle prove legali per evidenziare le criticità che hanno portato al sorgere del principio dell’intimo convincimento, evolutosi, poi, in libero convincimento, al quale presto si è ancorata anche una libertà nella fase assuntiva e acquisitiva delle prove, confondendo così il piano valutativo con altri segmenti del procedimento probatorio. Tale ricostruzione ha permesso di mettere in luce come, nei primi codici dell’Italia unita, sia stata compiuta un’indebita sovrapposizione fra libero convincimento e libertà probatoria, tanto da assegnare al giudice un potere illimitato di ricerca e di assunzione delle prove, con il correlato sacrifico delle garanzie processuali e, in particolar modo, di un effettivo diritto di difesa. Si è dedicato, poi, ampio spazio ai lavori preparatori del codice vigente ove si contrapponevano le posizioni di chi reputava necessaria la chiusura del catalogo probatorio a quelle di chi riteneva essenziale ammettere un’apertura per poter recepire eventuali novità scientifiche o tecniche. Il legislatore ha optato per una scelta intermedia fra libertà e tassatività, prevedendo un’attenta disciplina per le prove tipiche, ma ammettendo la possibilità di assumere anche prove atipiche, in un contesto improntato alla “cultura della legalità del diritto probatorio”. Nel secondo capitolo si è esaminato proprio il principio di legalità del diritto probatorio, analizzando, anzitutto, le “Disposizioni generali”, contenute nel titolo I del libro III c.p.p., che interessano (anche) le prove atipiche, per soffermarsi, poi, nello specifico, sui criteri di ammissione e sulle modalità di assunzione delle prove atipiche. In quella sede si è approfondita, con particolare attenzione, la sanzione dell’inutilizzabilità delle prove acquisite in violazione della legge, in quanto norma fondamentale per definire l’ambito applicativo dell’articolo 189 c.p.p. e, soprattutto, il confine fra prove atipiche (ammissibili) e prove irrituali (inutilizzabili). L’approfondimento sviluppato nei primi due capitoli della tesi ha permesso di dimostrare l’inadeguatezza della scelta operata dal legislatore del 1989, di ammettere l’assunzione di prove atipiche, atteso che, in 34 anni di vigenza del codice, non sono mai emerse prove diverse da quelle tipiche. L’assenza di prove innominate dovrebbe corrispondere alla lettera morta dell’art. 189 c.p.p. che è, invece, quotidianamente invocata nelle aule di giustizia. Per questa ragione, la seconda parte della tesi si concentra proprio sui modelli giurisprudenziali di “atipicità probatoria”. Lo studio delle singole prove irrituali permette di mettere in luce come l’impiego disinvolto dell’articolo 189 c.p.p. si traduca in una lesione della legalità e, dunque, dell’articolo 111 Cost. Così, l’analisi degli inconvenienti pratici cui porta l’applicazione dell’articolo 189 c.p.p., impone di respingere l’istanza avanzata sempre di più, anche in dottrina, di ripensare la legalità in una nuova forma -la c.d. legalità giurisprudenziale- per recuperare la c.d. legalità formale.
(2024). Le prove atipiche nel processo penale tra normativa e modelli giurisprudenziali. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
Le prove atipiche nel processo penale tra normativa e modelli giurisprudenziali
BUZURA, AMALIA MARIANA
2024
Abstract
The research on the topic of atypical evidence stems from the need to confront the applicative distortions of the code's dictate, especially of Article 189 c.p.p. This Article outlines a legislative framework with stringent requirements within which it admits the taking of evidence not regulated by law. In an attempt to offer an orderly reconstruction of the subject under research, ample space was devoted in the first chapter of the thesis to the genesis of Article 189 c.p.p. To this end, a historical reconstruction of past evidentiary systems that have influenced the normative evolution up to the present day was undertaken. In particular, the system of legal evidence was analyzed in order to highlight the critical issues that led to the emergence of the principle of intimate belief, which evolved, later, into free belief, to which freedom in the assumptive and acquisitive phase of evidence was also soon anchored, thus confusing the evaluative plane with other segments of the evidentiary process. This reconstruction made it possible to highlight how, in the first codes of united Italy, an undue overlap was made between free conviction and evidentiary freedom, so much so as to assign to the judge unlimited power to search for and take evidence, with the correlated sacrifice of procedural guarantees and, in particular, of an effective right of defense. Considerable space was then devoted to the preparatory work of the current code where the positions of those who considered it necessary to close the evidentiary catalog were contrasted with those who considered it essential to admit an opening in order to be able to incorporate any scientific or technical novelties. The legislature opted for an intermediate choice between freedom and taxativity, providing careful discipline for typical evidence, but admitting the possibility of taking atypical evidence as well, in a context marked by the "culture of the legality of evidentiary law." In the second chapter, space was devoted precisely to the legality of evidentiary law, analyzing, first of all, the "General Provisions," contained in Title I of Book III of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which affect (also) atypical evidence, and then dwelling, specifically, on the criteria for admission and the manner of taking atypical evidence. There, the sanction of the unusability of evidence acquired in violation of the law was explored, with particular attention, as a fundamental norm for defining the scope of application of Article 189 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and, above all, the boundary between atypical evidence (admissible) and irritable evidence (unusable). The in-depth study developed in the first two chapters of this thesis has made it possible to demonstrate the inadequacy of the choice made by the 1989 legislature to allow the taking of atypical evidence, given that, in 34 years of the code's existence, no evidence other than typical evidence has ever emerged. The absence of innominate evidence should correspond to the dead letter of Article 189 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which is, instead, invoked daily in courtrooms. For this reason, the second part of the thesis focuses precisely on jurisprudential patterns of "atypicality of evidence." The study of individual irregular evidence makes it possible to highlight how the casual use of Article 189 of the Code of Criminal Procedure results in an infringement of legality and, therefore, of Article 111 Const. Thus, the analysis of the practical inconveniences to which the application of Article 189 c.p.p. leads, makes it necessary to rule out the instance increasingly advanced, even in doctrine, of rethinking legality in a new form: the so-called jurisprudential legality. While recognizing the positive aspects of this phenomenon, the reasons for considering the need to recover formal legality as indispensable are definitely prevalent.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Le prove atipiche nel processo penale tra normativa e modelli giurisprudenziali
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Doctoral thesis
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