In delving into the contents of this manuscript, one might initially perceive a certain heterogeneity in the presented work. Thus, we will illustrate the common thread of this PhD journey, summarised into five chapters where the development of confined nano- materials and their application in synthetic organic chemistry are explored. Specifically, we aim at providing a comprehensive overview of the dynamic aspects of self-assembling materials, ranging from simple amphiphilic compounds to macromolecules. The common frame across all the discussed topics is clearly the commitment to sustainable chemical procedures, with specific attention paid on the accurate selection of green solvents and efforts towards their recyclability. The initial Chapter introduces readers into the world of encapsulation, a well-known technology having diverse applications and involving the incorporation of active ingredients within an outer coating layer. The topic dealt with the development of a straightforward and scalable procedure for the synthesis of bio-based micro- and nanocapsules by originally modifying the solvent evaporation method, with a significant emphasis on ensuring the sustainability of the process. Various crosslinking methodologies are examined, followed by an extensive chemical, morphological and thermal characterization of resulting capsules. Chapter 2 explored the applicability of these materials both in cosmetics and in catalysis. In this regard, common palladium sources and/or ligands are incorporated within the polymer shell with the aim of assembling innovative nanoreactors. Their catalytic activity in aqueous heterogeneous environments is efficiently investigated in cross-coupling reactions, as Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira couplings. These nanoreactors operated efficiently with minimal metal loadings and without the need for additional organic solvent. Simultaneously, the project concerned the exploration for mild and green conditions for Pd-catalysed coupling reactions related to the construction of both C-C (Sonogashira, Chapter 3) and C-B (Miyaura-Borylation, Chapter 4) bonds. In these cases, experiments are conducted via homogeneous catalysis in surfactant aqueous environments. Synthetic procedures are easy, mild and reproducible. The use of low amounts of a readily available and cost-effective palladium catalyst, such as palladium acetate, addressed the ever-growing challenges associated with the low availabilities and high costs of metals. In the final Chapter 5, a green and straightforward one-pot methodology is presented for the synthesis of thioesters starting from corresponding carboxylic acids. A non-traditional and non-toxic activating agent is used, the dipyridyldithiocarbonate (DPDTC). The reaction media include solvent-free conditions, highly concentrated solution of a green solvent or aqueous surfactant solutions.

Nell’approfondire i contenuti di questo manoscritto, si potrebbe inizialmente percepire un’eterogeneità nel lavoro presentato. Pertanto, illustreremo il filo conduttore di questo percorso di dottorato, sintetizzato in cinque capitoli, in cui vengono esplorati lo sviluppo di nano-materiali confinati e la loro applicazione in chimica organica di sintesi. Il quadro comune tra gli argomenti trattati è l’impegno nello sviluppo di procedure chimiche sostenibili, con particolare attenzione verso un’accurata selezione di solventi green e a sforzi per il loro riciclo. Il primo Capitolo introduce i lettori all’incapsulazione, tecnologia avente molteplici applicazioni e che consiste nell’incorporazione di principi attivi in uno strato esterno di rivestimento. L’argomento ha riguardato lo sviluppo di una procedura scalabile per la sintesi di micro- e nanocapsule, con una significativa enfasi sulla sostenibilità del processo. Sono esaminate varie metodologie di reticolazione, seguite da una estensiva caratterizzazione morfologica, termica e chimica delle risultanti capsule. Il Capitolo 2 ha esplorato l’applicabilità di questi materiali sia in cosmetica sia in catalisi. Comuni specie di palladio e/o leganti sono stati incapsulati nel guscio polimerico con l’obiettivo di assemblare innovativi nanoreattori, la cui attività catalitica è stata esplorata in ambienti acquosi eterogenei in reazioni di cross-coupling. Questi nanoreattori hanno operato efficientemente con carichi minimi di metallo e senza la necessità di ulteriori solventi organici. Parallelamente, il progetto si è concentrato sulla ricerca di condizioni di reazione sostenibili per reazioni di coupling Pd-catalizzate per la costruzione di legami C-C (Sonogashira, Ch. 3) e C-B (Borilazioni di Miyaura, Ch. 4). In questi casi, gli esperimenti sono condotti in catalisi omogenea in acqua. Le procedure sintetiche sono semplici e riproducibili e coinvolgono l’utilizzo di piccole quantità di un catalizzatore di Pd economico e commercialmente disponibile, affrontando così i problemi legati a bassa disponibilità e alti costi dei metalli. Nel Capito finale, è presentata una metodologia one-pot per la sintesi di tioesteri a partire dai corrispondenti acidi carbossilici. Viene utilizzato un agente attivate non tradizionale e non tossico, il dipridilditiocarbonato (DPDTC). I mezzi di reazione utilizzati hanno incluso: assenza di solvente, soluzioni altamente concentrate di un solvente green o soluzioni acquose di surfattante.

(2024). SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES FOR ORGANIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN WATER. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).

SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES FOR ORGANIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN WATER

GHIGLIETTI, ERIKA
2024

Abstract

In delving into the contents of this manuscript, one might initially perceive a certain heterogeneity in the presented work. Thus, we will illustrate the common thread of this PhD journey, summarised into five chapters where the development of confined nano- materials and their application in synthetic organic chemistry are explored. Specifically, we aim at providing a comprehensive overview of the dynamic aspects of self-assembling materials, ranging from simple amphiphilic compounds to macromolecules. The common frame across all the discussed topics is clearly the commitment to sustainable chemical procedures, with specific attention paid on the accurate selection of green solvents and efforts towards their recyclability. The initial Chapter introduces readers into the world of encapsulation, a well-known technology having diverse applications and involving the incorporation of active ingredients within an outer coating layer. The topic dealt with the development of a straightforward and scalable procedure for the synthesis of bio-based micro- and nanocapsules by originally modifying the solvent evaporation method, with a significant emphasis on ensuring the sustainability of the process. Various crosslinking methodologies are examined, followed by an extensive chemical, morphological and thermal characterization of resulting capsules. Chapter 2 explored the applicability of these materials both in cosmetics and in catalysis. In this regard, common palladium sources and/or ligands are incorporated within the polymer shell with the aim of assembling innovative nanoreactors. Their catalytic activity in aqueous heterogeneous environments is efficiently investigated in cross-coupling reactions, as Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira couplings. These nanoreactors operated efficiently with minimal metal loadings and without the need for additional organic solvent. Simultaneously, the project concerned the exploration for mild and green conditions for Pd-catalysed coupling reactions related to the construction of both C-C (Sonogashira, Chapter 3) and C-B (Miyaura-Borylation, Chapter 4) bonds. In these cases, experiments are conducted via homogeneous catalysis in surfactant aqueous environments. Synthetic procedures are easy, mild and reproducible. The use of low amounts of a readily available and cost-effective palladium catalyst, such as palladium acetate, addressed the ever-growing challenges associated with the low availabilities and high costs of metals. In the final Chapter 5, a green and straightforward one-pot methodology is presented for the synthesis of thioesters starting from corresponding carboxylic acids. A non-traditional and non-toxic activating agent is used, the dipyridyldithiocarbonate (DPDTC). The reaction media include solvent-free conditions, highly concentrated solution of a green solvent or aqueous surfactant solutions.
BEVERINA, LUCA
ZOIA, LUCA
Incapsulazione; Chimica verde; Sostenibilità; Surfattante; Accoppiamento
Encapsulation; Green Chemistry; Sustainability; Surfactant; Cross-coupling
CHIM/06 - CHIMICA ORGANICA
English
26-feb-2024
36
2022/2023
embargoed_20260226
(2024). SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES FOR ORGANIC TRANSFORMATIONS IN WATER. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/461378
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