Neutrophils are the cells of innate immunity that first respond to tissue damage or infection. However, regardless of their established role in infection, the exact molecular mechanism of recruitment has not yet been described. In fact, neutrophil migration to infected site has been linked for years to signaling from pathogen recognition mediated by PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors). Recently this idea has been challenged and new neutrophil subpopulations have been discovered in the vasculature at steady state, although a clear functional role, especially in infection, for these subpopulations has not yet been established. Moreover, mechano-sensing has been established as a new player in the response to gram-negative bacteria3, with or without PRRs contribution. Thus, the goal of our project is to molecularly define neutrophil recruitment during infection and to functionally study neutrophil subpopulations at the infected site. To this purpose, we made use of a skin infection model with fungi, C. (Candida) albicans, and Gram-positive and negative bacteria, S. (Staphylococcus) aureus and P. (Pseudomonas) aeruginosa, in WT (Wild-Type) and mice deficient for interleukin receptors and PRR signaling. We identified neutrophils as Ly6Ghigh/+Ly6CintCD11b+ and their subpopulations as CD62L+/highCXCR4low for fresh and CD62L-CXCR4+ for aged ones through multi-parametric flow-cytometry. To study the molecular cascade mediating neutrophil recruitment, in addition to the presence of neutrophils in the infected tissues, we quantified the production of pro-inflammatory mediators through qPCR, ELISA and flow-cytometry. We discovered that neutrophil recruitment is kinetically defined by different upstream mediators, all converging to MyD88. In fact, we identified two “waves” of neutrophil recruitment, and we could mechanistically define the first one. We found that it occurs during the first 6 hours, and it is mediated by an LTB4 (Leukotriene B4)- IL-1 axis, irrespective of the type of infection. In particular, during the early wave, all neutrophils are recruited at the infected site via an IL1-CXCL1 axis, and conditional deletion of CD11c+ immune cells abrogated neutrophils recruitment only at early time points. Surprisingly, this first wave is mostly PRR-independent and preliminary data suggest a prominent role of mechanosensors, mainly PIEZO1, in regulating early neutrophil recruitment via LTB4-IL-1-CXCL1. Concerning neutrophil subpopulations, we actually identified both fresh and aged neutrophils at the infected site already during the early wave. However, we saw a polarization towards aged and activated (CD62L-CXCR4-) neutrophils during the late phases of recruitment. Thus, we could formulate a model of early neutrophil recruitment which is pathogen-independent and relies on a lipid-cytokine-chemokine axis without major contribution from PRRs. This mechanism, which was believed to occur for neutrophil recruitment during chronic sterile inflammation is in fact a general mechanism also adopted during infections.

I neutrofili sono le cellule dell'immunità innata che rispondono per primi al danno tissutale o all'infezione. Tuttavia, nonostante il loro ruolo consolidato nelle infezioni, il meccanismo molecolare che media il loro reclutamento non è ancora stato descritto. Infatti, la migrazione dei neutrofili verso il sito infetto è stata associata per anni alla segnalazione del riconoscimento dei patogeni mediata dai PRR (Pattern Recognition Receptor). Di recente, questa idea è stata messa in discussione e sono anche state scoperte nuove sottopopolazioni di neutrofili nel sistema vascolare in condizioni normali, sebbene un chiaro ruolo funzionale, specialmente nelle infezioni, non sia ancora stato stabilito. Inoltre, la meccano-trasduzione è stata riconosciuta come un nuovo attore importante nella risposta ai batteri gram-negative, con o senza il contributo dei PRR. Pertanto, l'obiettivo del nostro progetto è stato di definire in modo molecolare il reclutamento dei neutrofili durante le infezioni e di studiare funzionalmente le sottopopolazioni dei neutrofili nel sito infetto. A questo scopo, abbiamo utilizzato un modello di infezione cutanea con funghi C. (Candida) albicans e batteri Gram-positivi e Gram-negativi, S. (Staphylococcus) aureus e P. (Pseudomonas) aeruginosa, in topi WT (Wild-Type) e topi carenti di recettori per le interleuchine e la segnalazione PRR. Abbiamo identificato i neutrofili come Ly6GhighCD11bhigh e le loro sottopopolazioni come CD62LhighCXCR4- per i neutrofili “fresh” (giovani) e CD62L-/lowCXCR4+ per quelli “aged” (invecchiati) attraverso la citofluorimetria multiparametrica. Per studiare la cascata molecolare che media il reclutamento dei neutrofili, abbiamo quantificato la produzione di mediatori pro-infiammatori mediante qPCR, ELISA e citofluorimetria. Abbiamo scoperto che il reclutamento dei neutrofili è definito cineticamente da diversi mediatori a monte, che però convergono tutti su MyD88. Abbiamo identificato due fasi del reclutamento dei neutrofili e abbiamo potuto definire meccanicamente la prima. Abbiamo scoperto che si verifica durante le prime 6 ore ed è mediata da un asse LTB4 (Leucotriene B4)-IL-1, indipendentemente dal tipo di infezione. In particolare, durante la prima fase, tutti i neutrofili vengono reclutati al sito infetto tramite un asse IL1-CXCL1, e la delezione condizionale delle cellule immunitarie CD11c+ ha abolito il reclutamento dei neutrofili solo durante questa fase. Sorprendentemente, questa prima ondata è per lo più indipendente dai PRR e dati preliminari suggeriscono un ruolo preponderante dei meccanosensori, principalmente PIEZO1, nel regolare il reclutamento precoce dei neutrofili tramite LTB4-IL-1-CXCL1. Per quanto riguarda le sottopopolazioni dei neutrofili, abbiamo effettivamente identificato sia neutrofili fresh che aged nel sito infetto già durante la prima fase. Tuttavia, abbiamo osservato una polarizzazione verso i neutrofili invecchiati e attivati (CD62L-CXCR4-) durante le fasi tardive del reclutamento. Pertanto, abbiamo potuto formulare un modello di reclutamento precoce dei neutrofili che è indipendente dal modello di infezione utilizzato ed è basato su un asse lipidi-citochine-chemochine senza un contributo significativo dai PRR. Questo meccanismo, che si credeva mediasse il reclutamento dei neutrofili solo durante l'infiammazione cronica sterile, è in realtà un meccanismo generale adottato anche durante le infezioni.

(2024). Role of danger and microbial signals in neutrophil subpopulations recruitment during infection.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).

Role of danger and microbial signals in neutrophil subpopulations recruitment during infection.

STUCCHI, GIULIA
2024

Abstract

Neutrophils are the cells of innate immunity that first respond to tissue damage or infection. However, regardless of their established role in infection, the exact molecular mechanism of recruitment has not yet been described. In fact, neutrophil migration to infected site has been linked for years to signaling from pathogen recognition mediated by PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors). Recently this idea has been challenged and new neutrophil subpopulations have been discovered in the vasculature at steady state, although a clear functional role, especially in infection, for these subpopulations has not yet been established. Moreover, mechano-sensing has been established as a new player in the response to gram-negative bacteria3, with or without PRRs contribution. Thus, the goal of our project is to molecularly define neutrophil recruitment during infection and to functionally study neutrophil subpopulations at the infected site. To this purpose, we made use of a skin infection model with fungi, C. (Candida) albicans, and Gram-positive and negative bacteria, S. (Staphylococcus) aureus and P. (Pseudomonas) aeruginosa, in WT (Wild-Type) and mice deficient for interleukin receptors and PRR signaling. We identified neutrophils as Ly6Ghigh/+Ly6CintCD11b+ and their subpopulations as CD62L+/highCXCR4low for fresh and CD62L-CXCR4+ for aged ones through multi-parametric flow-cytometry. To study the molecular cascade mediating neutrophil recruitment, in addition to the presence of neutrophils in the infected tissues, we quantified the production of pro-inflammatory mediators through qPCR, ELISA and flow-cytometry. We discovered that neutrophil recruitment is kinetically defined by different upstream mediators, all converging to MyD88. In fact, we identified two “waves” of neutrophil recruitment, and we could mechanistically define the first one. We found that it occurs during the first 6 hours, and it is mediated by an LTB4 (Leukotriene B4)- IL-1 axis, irrespective of the type of infection. In particular, during the early wave, all neutrophils are recruited at the infected site via an IL1-CXCL1 axis, and conditional deletion of CD11c+ immune cells abrogated neutrophils recruitment only at early time points. Surprisingly, this first wave is mostly PRR-independent and preliminary data suggest a prominent role of mechanosensors, mainly PIEZO1, in regulating early neutrophil recruitment via LTB4-IL-1-CXCL1. Concerning neutrophil subpopulations, we actually identified both fresh and aged neutrophils at the infected site already during the early wave. However, we saw a polarization towards aged and activated (CD62L-CXCR4-) neutrophils during the late phases of recruitment. Thus, we could formulate a model of early neutrophil recruitment which is pathogen-independent and relies on a lipid-cytokine-chemokine axis without major contribution from PRRs. This mechanism, which was believed to occur for neutrophil recruitment during chronic sterile inflammation is in fact a general mechanism also adopted during infections.
GRANUCCI, FRANCESCA
Infezioni; DAMP e PAMP; Meccanotrasduzione; Neutrofili; Sottopopolazioni
Infections; DAMPs and PAMPs; Mechanotransduction; Neutrophils; Subpopulations
MED/04 - PATOLOGIA GENERALE
English
12-feb-2024
36
2022/2023
embargoed_20270212
(2024). Role of danger and microbial signals in neutrophil subpopulations recruitment during infection.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
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Descrizione: Role of danger and microbial signals in neutrophil subpopulations recruitment during infection.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/459929
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