Immunotherapies for cancer treatment have been researched for a long time, but the molecular basis that cause exhaustion, progressive loss of functionality and reduced proliferative capability of TILs are still largely unknown. Non-coding RNAs have been known to regulate cellular functions and plasticity in several context, including T cell differentiation. However, little is known about the epigenetic mechanisms for the maintenance of T cell quiescence, and whether they could be responsible of T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment. In this context, the role of TEs in the regulation of gene expression in immune cells have been investigated, but a clear picture of the mechanisms by which TEs affect tumour progression and immune cells differentiation still eludes us, and unveiling the hidden complexity of TEs in different cell types may open new therapeutic opportunities in cancer and other multifactorial diseases. Indeed, the difficulty of studying TEs in omics data, and in particular in transcriptomics, leads to question whether important TE-derived non-coding and still undetected tissue-specific RNA molecules could act as epigenetic modulators of lymphocytes plasticity in healthy individuals or in cancer patients. In this thesis, I explore the landscape of TE RNAs in the nuclei of circulating T cells before and after TCR activation, and in T cells infiltrating the tumor microenvironment. The discovery of TE RNAs as epigenetic regulators of T cells identity and differentiation could inspire and motivate the study of the transcriptional dynamics of TEs across the numerous subsets of TILs, and unveil whether TE RNAs play a role in the progressive exhaustion of T cells in the tumor microenvironment. As detecting the TEs activity in NGS data analysis is notoriously challenging, an important portion of the work depicted in this thesis concerns the development of novel computational approaches to dissect the TE signal in omics data for which there is a lack of software specifically designed for this scope, such as scRNA-seq and RADICL-seq. The data collected in this work will represent an important resource for the genomic research of the adaptive immune system and the tumor microenvironment, and for the discovery of novel potential immunotherapeutic targets to amplify the immune response of TILs by preventing or reverting the exhausted phenotype.

Le immunoterapie per il trattamento del cancro sono state oggetto di ricerca per molto tempo, ma le basi molecolari che causano l’exhaustion, la progressiva perdita di funzionalità e la ridotta capacità proliferativa delle cellule T infiltranti il tumore (TILs) sono ancora in gran parte sconosciute. Si sa che gli RNA non codificanti regolano funzioni cellulari e plasticità in diversi contesti, compreso il differenziamento delle cellule T. Tuttavia, si sa poco circa i meccanismi epigenetici per il mantenimento della quiescenza delle cellule T e se possano essere responsabili dell'exhaustion delle cellule T nel microambiente tumorale. In questo contesto, è stato investigato il ruolo degli elementi trasponibili (TEs) nella regolazione dell'espressione genica nelle cellule del sistema immunitario, ma una chiara comprensione dei meccanismi con cui i TEs influenzano la progressione del tumore e il differenziamento delle cellule immunitarie non è ancora chiaro, e svelare la complessità nascosta dei TEs in diversi tipi cellulari potrebbe aprire nuove opportunità terapeutiche nel cancro e in altre malattie multifattoriali. Infatti, la difficoltà nello studio dei TEs nei dati omici, e in particolare nella trascrittomica, ci porta a interrogarci se importanti molecole di RNA non codificanti derivate dai TEs, ancora non rilevate, potrebbero agire come modulatori epigenetici della plasticità dei linfociti in individui sani o in pazienti oncologici. In questa tesi, esploro il panorama degli RNA derivati dai TEs nei nuclei delle cellule T circolanti prima e dopo l'attivazione del recettore del TCR, e nelle cellule T infiltranti il microambiente tumorale. La scoperta degli RNA derivati dai TEs come regolatori epigenetici dell'identità e della differenziazione delle cellule T potrebbe ispirare e motivare lo studio delle dinamiche di trascrizione dei TEs attraverso le numerose sottopopolazioni di TILs, e svelare se gli RNA derivati dai TEs giocano un ruolo nell'exhaustion progressivo delle cellule T nel microambiente tumorale. Poiché la rilevazione dell'attività dei TEs nell'analisi dei dati NGS è notoriamente difficile, una parte importante del lavoro descritto in questa tesi riguarda lo sviluppo di nuove tecniche computazionali per analizzare il segnale dei TEs nei dati omici per i quali mancano software specificamente progettati per questo scopo, come scRNA-seq e RADICL-seq. I dati raccolti in questo lavoro rappresenteranno una risorsa importante per la ricerca genomica del sistema immunitario adattativo e del microambiente tumorale, e per la scoperta di nuovi potenziali bersagli immunoterapici per amplificare la risposta immunitaria delle TILs prevenendo o invertendo l’exhaustion.

(2024). Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of immune cells mediated by transposable elements in human health and cancer. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).

Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of immune cells mediated by transposable elements in human health and cancer

POLIMENI, BENEDETTO
2024

Abstract

Immunotherapies for cancer treatment have been researched for a long time, but the molecular basis that cause exhaustion, progressive loss of functionality and reduced proliferative capability of TILs are still largely unknown. Non-coding RNAs have been known to regulate cellular functions and plasticity in several context, including T cell differentiation. However, little is known about the epigenetic mechanisms for the maintenance of T cell quiescence, and whether they could be responsible of T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment. In this context, the role of TEs in the regulation of gene expression in immune cells have been investigated, but a clear picture of the mechanisms by which TEs affect tumour progression and immune cells differentiation still eludes us, and unveiling the hidden complexity of TEs in different cell types may open new therapeutic opportunities in cancer and other multifactorial diseases. Indeed, the difficulty of studying TEs in omics data, and in particular in transcriptomics, leads to question whether important TE-derived non-coding and still undetected tissue-specific RNA molecules could act as epigenetic modulators of lymphocytes plasticity in healthy individuals or in cancer patients. In this thesis, I explore the landscape of TE RNAs in the nuclei of circulating T cells before and after TCR activation, and in T cells infiltrating the tumor microenvironment. The discovery of TE RNAs as epigenetic regulators of T cells identity and differentiation could inspire and motivate the study of the transcriptional dynamics of TEs across the numerous subsets of TILs, and unveil whether TE RNAs play a role in the progressive exhaustion of T cells in the tumor microenvironment. As detecting the TEs activity in NGS data analysis is notoriously challenging, an important portion of the work depicted in this thesis concerns the development of novel computational approaches to dissect the TE signal in omics data for which there is a lack of software specifically designed for this scope, such as scRNA-seq and RADICL-seq. The data collected in this work will represent an important resource for the genomic research of the adaptive immune system and the tumor microenvironment, and for the discovery of novel potential immunotherapeutic targets to amplify the immune response of TILs by preventing or reverting the exhausted phenotype.
GRANUCCI, FRANCESCA
BODEGA, BEATRICE
retrotransposoni; cancro; bioinformatica; immunoterapia; singola cellula
retrotransposons; cancer; bioinformatics; immunotherapy; single cell
BIO/11 - BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE
English
12-feb-2024
36
2022/2023
embargoed_20270212
(2024). Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of immune cells mediated by transposable elements in human health and cancer. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
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Descrizione: Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of immune cells mediated by transposable elements in human health and cancer
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/459926
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