The textile industry is the third biggest manufacturing industry after automotive and technology in terms of growing importance to the global economy and it is a critical industrial sector: by 2030, global apparel consumption is expected to increase by 63%, reaching 102 billion tons. This growth in consumption, along with the expanding global population, will have a collateral and significant impact on our planet’s resources. The textile industry is based on a linear business model, and, for this reason, it is at the same time affected and responsible of urgent environmental and social challenges caused by climate change and resource depletion. In particular, the so-called “fast fashion”-trend causes several negative effects on the environment and many individuals connected to the production of low-price garments. This includes, among other impacts, the depletion of natural resources, the production of solid waste and wastewater, the exploitation of workers, the usage of noxious chemicals, and additional indirect economic and social issues caused by the exploitation of lands and resources for the acquisition of raw materials. Therefore, a strategic priority for the future of the textile industry is to shift to a sustainable business model, in particular a circular business model, to reduce as much as possible the impacts on the environment and on society. One of the most critical aspects is related to textile waste management: the combination of over-production for overconsumption results in excess waste that goes to landfills or is incinerated. Moreover, the massive use of chemicals derived from petrochemical sources in textile manufacturing processes affects surface waters and generates a direct impact on the environment (Chapter 1). This project carried out as a deep collaboration between the textile manufacturing company Albini Group and the University of Milano-Bicocca, focuses on the alternative approach proposed for the transition to a circular business model, with a focus on the valorisation of textile waste upcycling through biorefinery principles based on biocatalysis and microbial cell factories (Chapter 2). As a key element leveraging the innovation, the idea that textile waste can be considered as an attractive biomass, applying a circular economy approach as a solution to the problem. For the microbial-based biorefinery principles, by-products and residual biomasses must be considered as a starting feedstock of the process and their use is environmentally oriented, but it can also be advantageous from an economic perspective, considering that waste management is costly. Most of the residual biomasses available today are agricultural and forest residues and are characterized by a lignocellulosic structure, where the complexity of the uneven nature is both a possibility and a challenge. Cotton textile waste produced by Albini Group is an interesting alternative biomass: being essentially constituted by cellulose, it can be hydrolysed to release glucose as a platform chemical, to be used to produce virgin products (recycling vs upcycling), but little has been done on real industrial waste, and this study is presented in Chapter 3. In continuity with that, this thesis investigated the industrial application of microbial cell factory principles to produce more sustainable dyeing processes in textile manufacturing, and this is presented in Chapter 4. Finally, the first LCA analyses conducted on Albini Group's manufacturing process are discussed in Chapter 4 to confirm that, in terms of environmental impact, the adoption of industrial biotechnology may prove to be a solution to increase sustainability in the textile sector. As a final remark, the presented thesis wants to pose itself as a practical example of how industrial biotechnology can be considered as a potential solution of innovation for promoting the transition of the textile industry towards sustainability.

L’industria tessile è la terza più grande industria manifatturiera dopo quella automobilistica e tecnologica in termini di crescente importanza per l’economia globale ed è un settore industriale critico: entro il 2030, si prevede che il consumo globale di abbigliamento aumenterà del 63%, raggiungendo i 102 miliardi di tonnellate. La crescita dei consumi, in parallelo con l’espansione della popolazione globale, avrà un impatto collaterale e significativo sulle risorse del nostro pianeta. L’industria tessile si basa su un modello di business lineare e, pertanto, è allo stesso tempo interessata e responsabile di urgenti sfide ambientali e sociali causate dal cambiamento climatico e dall’esaurimento delle risorse. Il fenomeno del “fast fashion” provoca numerosi effetti negativi sull’ambiente e su molte persone coinvolte nella produzione di capi di abbigliamento a basso prezzo. Ciò include, l’esaurimento delle risorse naturali, la produzione di rifiuti solidi e acque reflue, lo sfruttamento dei lavoratori, l’uso di sostanze chimiche nocive e ulteriori problemi economici e sociali indiretti causati dallo sfruttamento di terre e risorse per l’acquisizione delle materie prime. Dunque, una priorità strategica per il futuro dell’industria tessile è passare a un modello di business circolare e sostenibile. Uno degli aspetti più critici è legato alla gestione dei rifiuti tessili: la combinazione di sovrapproduzione e consumo eccessivo si traduce in un eccesso di rifiuti che finisce in discarica o viene incenerito. Inoltre, l’uso massiccio di sostanze chimiche derivate da fonti petrolchimiche nei processi di produzione tessile colpisce le acque superficiali e genera un impatto diretto sull’ambiente (Capitolo 1). Questo progetto, realizzato in collaborazione tra l'azienda manifatturiera tessile Albini Group e l'Università di Milano-Bicocca, si concentra sull'approccio alternativo proposto per la transizione verso un modello di business circolare, con particolare attenzione alla valorizzazione dei rifiuti tessili applicando i principi delle bioraffinerie, attraverso la biocatalisi e l'utilizzo delle bio-fabbriche microbiche (Capitolo 2). L' elemento chiave di innovazione sta nell’idea che i rifiuti tessili possano essere considerati una biomassa interessante. Per i principi della bioraffineria a base microbica, i sottoprodotti e le biomasse residue devono essere considerati come materia prima di partenza del processo e il loro utilizzo è orientato all’ambiente, ma può essere vantaggioso anche dal punto di vista economico, considerando che la gestione dei rifiuti è costosa. La maggior parte delle biomasse residue oggi disponibili sono residui agricoli e forestali e sono caratterizzate da una struttura lignocellulosica, dove la complessità della natura irregolare è allo stesso tempo una possibilità e una sfida. Gli scarti tessili di cotone prodotti dal Gruppo Albini rappresentano una biomassa alternativa: costituiti essenzialmente da cellulosa, possono essere idrolizzati per rilasciare glucosio come sostanza chimica di partenza per un successivo utilizzo nella produzione di prodotti vergini (riciclo vs upcycling), ma poco è stato fatto su rifiuti industriali reali e questo studio è presentato nel Capitolo 3. In continuità con ciò, questa tesi ha studiato l’applicazione industriale dei principi delle bio-fabbriche microbiche per produrre processi di tintura più sostenibili nella produzione tessile, e questo è descritto nel Capitolo 4. Infine, nel Capitolo 4 vengono discusse le prime analisi LCA condotte sul processo produttivo del Gruppo Albini per confermare che l'adozione di biotecnologie industriali può ridurre gli impatti ambientali. La tesi presentata vuole porsi come esempio pratico di come la biotecnologia industriale possa, con innovazione, promuovere la transizione dell’industria tessile verso la sostenibilità.

(2024). SUSTAINABILITY IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: MICROBIAL CELL FACTORIES AND BIOREFINERY PRINCIPLES TO EXPLOIT NEW CIRCULAR BIOECONOMY STRATEGIES. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).

SUSTAINABILITY IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: MICROBIAL CELL FACTORIES AND BIOREFINERY PRINCIPLES TO EXPLOIT NEW CIRCULAR BIOECONOMY STRATEGIES

SIMONETTI, MARTA
2024

Abstract

The textile industry is the third biggest manufacturing industry after automotive and technology in terms of growing importance to the global economy and it is a critical industrial sector: by 2030, global apparel consumption is expected to increase by 63%, reaching 102 billion tons. This growth in consumption, along with the expanding global population, will have a collateral and significant impact on our planet’s resources. The textile industry is based on a linear business model, and, for this reason, it is at the same time affected and responsible of urgent environmental and social challenges caused by climate change and resource depletion. In particular, the so-called “fast fashion”-trend causes several negative effects on the environment and many individuals connected to the production of low-price garments. This includes, among other impacts, the depletion of natural resources, the production of solid waste and wastewater, the exploitation of workers, the usage of noxious chemicals, and additional indirect economic and social issues caused by the exploitation of lands and resources for the acquisition of raw materials. Therefore, a strategic priority for the future of the textile industry is to shift to a sustainable business model, in particular a circular business model, to reduce as much as possible the impacts on the environment and on society. One of the most critical aspects is related to textile waste management: the combination of over-production for overconsumption results in excess waste that goes to landfills or is incinerated. Moreover, the massive use of chemicals derived from petrochemical sources in textile manufacturing processes affects surface waters and generates a direct impact on the environment (Chapter 1). This project carried out as a deep collaboration between the textile manufacturing company Albini Group and the University of Milano-Bicocca, focuses on the alternative approach proposed for the transition to a circular business model, with a focus on the valorisation of textile waste upcycling through biorefinery principles based on biocatalysis and microbial cell factories (Chapter 2). As a key element leveraging the innovation, the idea that textile waste can be considered as an attractive biomass, applying a circular economy approach as a solution to the problem. For the microbial-based biorefinery principles, by-products and residual biomasses must be considered as a starting feedstock of the process and their use is environmentally oriented, but it can also be advantageous from an economic perspective, considering that waste management is costly. Most of the residual biomasses available today are agricultural and forest residues and are characterized by a lignocellulosic structure, where the complexity of the uneven nature is both a possibility and a challenge. Cotton textile waste produced by Albini Group is an interesting alternative biomass: being essentially constituted by cellulose, it can be hydrolysed to release glucose as a platform chemical, to be used to produce virgin products (recycling vs upcycling), but little has been done on real industrial waste, and this study is presented in Chapter 3. In continuity with that, this thesis investigated the industrial application of microbial cell factory principles to produce more sustainable dyeing processes in textile manufacturing, and this is presented in Chapter 4. Finally, the first LCA analyses conducted on Albini Group's manufacturing process are discussed in Chapter 4 to confirm that, in terms of environmental impact, the adoption of industrial biotechnology may prove to be a solution to increase sustainability in the textile sector. As a final remark, the presented thesis wants to pose itself as a practical example of how industrial biotechnology can be considered as a potential solution of innovation for promoting the transition of the textile industry towards sustainability.
BRANDUARDI, PAOLA
Scarti tessili; Up-cycling; Circolarità; Bioraffinerie; Sostenibilità
Textile waste; Up-cycling; Circularity; Biorefineries; Sustainability
BIO/19 - MICROBIOLOGIA GENERALE
English
9-feb-2024
36
2022/2023
embargoed_20270209
(2024). SUSTAINABILITY IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: MICROBIAL CELL FACTORIES AND BIOREFINERY PRINCIPLES TO EXPLOIT NEW CIRCULAR BIOECONOMY STRATEGIES. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
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Descrizione: SUSTAINABILITY IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY: MICROBIAL CELL FACTORIES AND BIOREFINERY PRINCIPLES TO EXPLOIT NEW CIRCULAR BIOECONOMY STRATEGIES
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/459418
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