The main goal of my PhD project is the identification of imaging biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders in selected animal models. Neurodegenerative brain disorders are among the leading causes of disability worldwide, especially in the elderly population. However, diagnosis still has moderate accuracy, thus hindering the efficacy of novel disease-modifying interventions and limiting therapeutic options to symptomatic approaches only. This project is composed of two main parts. The first one was conducted on selected mouse models that recapitulate various aspects of Parkinson’s disease (PD) with the aim of identifying prodromal synaptic alterations with neuroimaging methods and correlate these findings with data obtained with molecular methods and behavioral tests, in order to address the current lack of prodromal markers to test potential novel disease-modifying therapies. Specifically, we employed three different models recapitulating different features of PD, namely: 1) the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine plus probenecid (MPTPp)-treated mice, a model of neurotoxin-induced PD; 2) the transgenic SYN120 (SYN120tg) model that recapitulates the effects of α-synuclein deposition; 3) c-rel knockout (c-rel KO) mice which model most behavioral and pathological features of age-related PD. The second part consists in the evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast (MLK) on the quinolinic acid (QA)-induced neurotoxicity rat model resembling Huntington’s disease (HD) with neuroimaging techniques as a biomarker of response. For both parts of the project, a multimodal in vivo neuroimaging approach was used, combining longitudinal monitoring with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) coupled with a computerized tomography (CT) scanner (PET-CT). For PET studies, we employed the following radiotracers: [18F]-FP-CIT, a marker of dopamine transporter (DAT), [18F]-VC701, a TSPO-specific marker of neuroinflammation and [18F]-FDG to assess brain glucose metabolism. In summary, we demonstrated that: 1) in the MPTPp model of PD, glucose metabolism assessed by [18F]-FDG PET, is an earlier marker than DAT binding in detecting neurodegeneration and a significant positive correlation exists between in vivo DAT binding data assessed by [18F]-FP-CIT PET and ex vivo data assessed by immunohistochemistry, supporting the use of PET imaging as a predictive method for the study of PD; 2) both transgenic models of PD (SYN120tg and c-rel KO), evaluated at early prodromal stages of the disease, display an increase in striatal DAT binding assessed by [18F]-FP-CIT PET at early time points, anticipating DAT loss; 3) MLK exerts neuroprotective effects by reducing astrogliosis and preserving regional brain glucose metabolism and connectivity from QA-induced insult. Overall, our findings indicate [18F]-FP-CIT and [18F]-FDG PET as useful tools to longitudinally monitor mouse models of neurodegenerative disorders that can be used for the study of novel disease-modifying interventions, especially at the prodromal stages of PD. Finally, MLK deserves further clinical investigation as a potential neuroprotective agent in HD patients.

Lo scopo principale del mio progetto di dottorato è l'identificazione di biomarcatori di imaging per le malattie neurodegenerative in una selezione di modelli animali. I disturbi cerebrali neurodegenerativi sono tra le principali cause di disabilità a livello mondiale, soprattutto nella popolazione anziana. Tuttavia, la diagnosi non ha ancora raggiunto un’accuratezza ottimale, ostacolando così l'efficacia delle terapie e limitando le opzioni terapeutiche a interventi sintomatici. Questo progetto si compone di due parti principali. La prima è stata condotta su modelli murini che riproducono vari aspetti della Malattia di Parkinson, con l'obiettivo di identificare alterazioni sinaptiche prodromiche con metodi di neuroimaging e correlare tali risultati con dati ottenuti tramite analisi molecolari e test comportamentali, al fine di colmare l’attuale mancanza di marcatori prodromici utili a testare l’efficacia di potenziali nuove terapie. In particolare, abbiamo impiegato tre diversi modelli che riproducono diverse caratteristiche della Malattia di Parkinson, ovvero: 1) topi trattati con 1-metil-4-fenil-1,2,3,6-tetraidropiridina in combinazione con probenecid (MPTPp), un modello di Parkinson neurotossico; 2) il modello transgenico SYN120 (SYN120tg) che riproduce gli effetti del deposito di alfa-sinucleina; 3) topi knockout per c-rel (c-rel KO), che riproducono la maggior parte delle caratteristiche comportamentali e patologiche del Parkinson idiopatico. La seconda parte consiste nella valutazione degli effetti neuroprotettivi dell'antagonista del recettore dei leucotrieni montelukast (MLK) sul modello di ratto con neurotossicità indotta da acido chinolinico, che ricapitola la Malattia di Huntington, utilizzando tecniche di neuroimaging come biomarcatori di risposta terapeutica. Per entrambe le parti del progetto è stato utilizzato un'approccio di neuroimaging in vivo multimodale, che combina il monitoraggio longitudinale con la risonanza magnetica e la tomografia ad emissione di positroni (PET) accoppiata ad una tomografia computerizzata (CT) (PET-CT). Per la PET, abbiamo utilizzato i seguenti radiotraccianti: [18F]-FP-CIT, un marcatore che lega il trasportatore della dopamina (DAT), [18F]-VC701, un marcatore di neuroinfiammazione e [18F]-FDG per valutare il metabolismo cerebrale del glucosio. In sintesi, abbiamo dimostrato che nel modello MPTPp di Parkinson, il metabolismo del glucosio valutato tramite [18F]-FDG PET è un marcatore precoce rispetto al DAT nel rilevare l’inizio del danno e che esiste una correlazione positiva tra i valori di espressione del DAT misurati in vivo tramite [18F]-FP-CIT PET e quelli misurati ex vivo tramite immunoistochimica, supportando l'utilizzo della PET come metodo predittivo per lo studio del Parkinson. Entrambi i modelli transgenici di Parkinson (SYN120tg e c-rel KO), mostrano un aumento dell’espressione di DAT striatale in fasi precoci, anticipando la perdita del DAT. Nell’insieme, combinando i tre modelli, possiamo proporre che l’aumento dell’espressione di DAT sia un segno pre-clinico, mentre la riduzione di [18F]-FDG un segno prodromico di Parkinson. Relativamente al secondo studio, abbiamo osservato che MLK esercita effetti neuroprotettivi riducendo l'astrogliosi e preservando il metabolismo cerebrale regionale e la connettività dal danno indotto da acido chinolinico, impedendone la propagazione. Sulla base di queste osservazioni, MLK merita ulteriori indagini cliniche come potenziale agente neuroprotettivo nei pazienti affetti da Malattia di Huntington.

(2024). Identification of imaging biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders: a comparative pre-clinical study in selected animal models. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).

Identification of imaging biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders: a comparative pre-clinical study in selected animal models

TASSAN MAZZOCCO, MARGHERITA
2024

Abstract

The main goal of my PhD project is the identification of imaging biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders in selected animal models. Neurodegenerative brain disorders are among the leading causes of disability worldwide, especially in the elderly population. However, diagnosis still has moderate accuracy, thus hindering the efficacy of novel disease-modifying interventions and limiting therapeutic options to symptomatic approaches only. This project is composed of two main parts. The first one was conducted on selected mouse models that recapitulate various aspects of Parkinson’s disease (PD) with the aim of identifying prodromal synaptic alterations with neuroimaging methods and correlate these findings with data obtained with molecular methods and behavioral tests, in order to address the current lack of prodromal markers to test potential novel disease-modifying therapies. Specifically, we employed three different models recapitulating different features of PD, namely: 1) the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine plus probenecid (MPTPp)-treated mice, a model of neurotoxin-induced PD; 2) the transgenic SYN120 (SYN120tg) model that recapitulates the effects of α-synuclein deposition; 3) c-rel knockout (c-rel KO) mice which model most behavioral and pathological features of age-related PD. The second part consists in the evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast (MLK) on the quinolinic acid (QA)-induced neurotoxicity rat model resembling Huntington’s disease (HD) with neuroimaging techniques as a biomarker of response. For both parts of the project, a multimodal in vivo neuroimaging approach was used, combining longitudinal monitoring with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) coupled with a computerized tomography (CT) scanner (PET-CT). For PET studies, we employed the following radiotracers: [18F]-FP-CIT, a marker of dopamine transporter (DAT), [18F]-VC701, a TSPO-specific marker of neuroinflammation and [18F]-FDG to assess brain glucose metabolism. In summary, we demonstrated that: 1) in the MPTPp model of PD, glucose metabolism assessed by [18F]-FDG PET, is an earlier marker than DAT binding in detecting neurodegeneration and a significant positive correlation exists between in vivo DAT binding data assessed by [18F]-FP-CIT PET and ex vivo data assessed by immunohistochemistry, supporting the use of PET imaging as a predictive method for the study of PD; 2) both transgenic models of PD (SYN120tg and c-rel KO), evaluated at early prodromal stages of the disease, display an increase in striatal DAT binding assessed by [18F]-FP-CIT PET at early time points, anticipating DAT loss; 3) MLK exerts neuroprotective effects by reducing astrogliosis and preserving regional brain glucose metabolism and connectivity from QA-induced insult. Overall, our findings indicate [18F]-FP-CIT and [18F]-FDG PET as useful tools to longitudinally monitor mouse models of neurodegenerative disorders that can be used for the study of novel disease-modifying interventions, especially at the prodromal stages of PD. Finally, MLK deserves further clinical investigation as a potential neuroprotective agent in HD patients.
MORESCO, ROSA MARIA
Parkinson; Huntington; neurodegenerazione; neuroinfiammazione; PET
Parkinson's disease; Huntington's disease; neurodegeneration; neuroinflammation; PET
MED/26 - NEUROLOGIA
English
5-feb-2024
36
2022/2023
embargoed_20250205
(2024). Identification of imaging biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders: a comparative pre-clinical study in selected animal models. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/459380
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