In the past few years, the terms crypto-assets, crypto-currencies, bitcoin, digital assets have become everyday usage in common parlance. Newspapers report of billionaire investments, a new paradigm of wealth, a better world thanks to blockchain technology. At the same time, there are alarming reports of those who, by investing in crypto-assets, have been reduced to penury; of computer flaws allowing hackers to empty entire digital wallets; of the danger of scams and money laundering. Because of the preponderant expansiveness of the phenomenon - which, in addition to the strictly technological and financial field, goes so far as to touch upon the private, legal-commercial, tax, and criminal spheres - the interpreter's "non liquet" is no longer permitted. Moreover, the delicacy of the interests involved makes a stance imminent. The aim of this research is to analyse crypto-activities from a private perspective, trying to identify the interpretative keys most suited to their qualification congruent with the unfolding of the phenomenon in factual reality. Although they represent technological innovations that have arisen only in the last fifteen years, their impact has been disruptive on the legal and socio-economic structure worldwide, so much so as to make regulation increasingly urgent. However, the urgency of resolving the regulatory aspect imposes, rectius, presupposes, the resolution of the definitional one. Only by identifying what crypto-activities are, which needs of the concrete case are met through their use, is it possible to identify the regulation that is best suited to protect the interests of the subjects involved. A crucial element in this investigation is the technical data. The cryptographic dimension is dominated by numbers, alphanumeric strings, mathematical theories and algorithms. Here, the investigation of the definitional problem becomes truly problematic when the interpreter is required to compare a civil law category with an alphanumeric string, which is also capable of generating multiple problems within the world of law. At first impression, the lack of physical consistency of the phenomenon and the innovative underlying technology make the subject abstract and difficult to understand. The aim of the research is to technically analyse crypto-assets in order to identify, by category, the interests that the underlying code enables. The result is the identification of the discipline that, in light of the concrete cause and, therefore, of the manner in which the crypto-asset has been inserted within the transaction, allows for the protection of the interests that the parties intended to realise in the concreteness of the relevant relationship. The conclusions reached show that, through the use of a sterile subsumptive technique, crypto-assets have hitherto been univocally traced back to the categories of goods, money or financial instruments or products. However, the research carried out has made it possible, on the one hand, to look at crypto-assets in their typological variety and, on the other hand, to combine this phenomenological variety within the framework of the concrete functions that crypto-assets can perform in the relationship between private individuals. Indeed, crypto-assets possess their own typical function, which is given by the underlying code, which determines circuits of use and modes of use. Nevertheless, the typical function of crypto-assets must be redefined in light of the interests realised. The result will be a variability of applicable discipline on the basis of the concrete interest that from time to time the token will be called upon to satisfy, which may be an interest of payment, investment or utility, with the consequent case-by-case application of the discipline that the function invokes

Da qualche anno i termini cripto-attività, cripto-monete, bitcoin, asset digitali sono diventati di utilizzo quotidiano nel linguaggio comune. A causa della preponderante espansività del fenomeno - che, oltre al campo propriamente tecnologico e finanziario, si spinge a lambire l’ambito privatistico, gius-commercialistico, tributario, penale - non è più ammesso il non liquet dell’interprete. Peraltro, la delicatezza degli interessi coinvolti rende imminente una presa di posizione. La presente ricerca si pone l’obiettivo di analizzare le cripto-attività da una prospettiva privatistica, cercando di individuare le chiavi interpretative più adatte ad una loro qualificazione congruente con il dispiegarsi del fenomeno nella realtà fattuale. Nonostante esse rappresentino innovazioni tecnologiche sorte soltanto negli ultimi quindici anni, il loro impatto è stato dirompente (disruptive) sulla struttura giuridica e socio-economica a livello mondiale sì da rendere sempre più impellente una regolamentazione. Tuttavia, l’urgenza della risoluzione dell’aspetto regolatorio impone, rectius, presuppone, la risoluzione di quello definitorio. Soltanto individuare cosa siano le cripto-attività, quali esigenze del caso concreto vengono soddisfatte mediante il loro utilizzo, consente di ravvisare la disciplina che più si adatta a tutelare gli interessi dei soggetti coinvolti. Elemento dirimente, all’interno di questa indagine, è rappresentato dal dato tecnico. La dimensione crittografica è dominata da numeri, stringe alfanumeriche, teorie matematiche ed algoritmi. Qui, l’indagine riguardante il problema definitorio diviene davvero problematica allorquando l’interprete è tenuto a confrontare una categoria civilistica con una stringa alfanumerica che, pure, è in grado di generare molteplici problemi all’interno del mondo del diritto. Ad una prima impressione, la mancanza di consistenza fisica del fenomeno e l’innovativa tecnologia sottostante rendono il tema astratto e di difficile comprensione. L’obiettivo che la ricerca si è prefissato è quello di analizzare tecnicamente i cripto-asset per ravvisare, per categorie, gli interessi che il codice sottostante consente di realizzare. Ne deriva l’individuazione della disciplina che, alla luce della causa concreta e, dunque, del modo in cui il cripto-asset è stato inserito all’interno del negozio, consenta di tutelare gli interessi che le parti hanno inteso realizzare nella concretezza del relativo rapporto. Le conclusioni raggiunte mostrano che, mediante l’utilizzo di una sterile tecnica sussuntiva, le cripto-attività sono state finora ricondotte di volta in volta univocamente alle categorie dei beni, della moneta o degli strumenti o prodotti finanziari. Tuttavia, la ricerca svolta ha consentito da un lato di guardare alle cripto-attività nella loro varietà tipologica, dall’altro di coniugare questa varietà fenomenologica nell’ambito delle funzioni concrete che le cripto-attività possono svolgere nel rapporto fra privati. Le cripto-attività posseggono, infatti, una propria funzione tipica, che è data dal codice sottostante, il quale determina circuiti di utilizzo e modalità di impiego. Ciononostante, la funzione tipica delle cripto-attività dev’essere riqualificata alla luce degli interessi realizzati. Ne risulterà una variabilità di disciplina applicabile sulla base dell’interesse concreto che di volta in volta il token sarà chiamato a soddisfare che può essere un interesse di pagamento, di investimento o di utilità, con conseguente applicazione caso per caso della disciplina che la funzione richiama.

(2024). Profili privatistici delle cripto-attività. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).

Profili privatistici delle cripto-attività

RUGGIRELLO, MARTA
2024

Abstract

In the past few years, the terms crypto-assets, crypto-currencies, bitcoin, digital assets have become everyday usage in common parlance. Newspapers report of billionaire investments, a new paradigm of wealth, a better world thanks to blockchain technology. At the same time, there are alarming reports of those who, by investing in crypto-assets, have been reduced to penury; of computer flaws allowing hackers to empty entire digital wallets; of the danger of scams and money laundering. Because of the preponderant expansiveness of the phenomenon - which, in addition to the strictly technological and financial field, goes so far as to touch upon the private, legal-commercial, tax, and criminal spheres - the interpreter's "non liquet" is no longer permitted. Moreover, the delicacy of the interests involved makes a stance imminent. The aim of this research is to analyse crypto-activities from a private perspective, trying to identify the interpretative keys most suited to their qualification congruent with the unfolding of the phenomenon in factual reality. Although they represent technological innovations that have arisen only in the last fifteen years, their impact has been disruptive on the legal and socio-economic structure worldwide, so much so as to make regulation increasingly urgent. However, the urgency of resolving the regulatory aspect imposes, rectius, presupposes, the resolution of the definitional one. Only by identifying what crypto-activities are, which needs of the concrete case are met through their use, is it possible to identify the regulation that is best suited to protect the interests of the subjects involved. A crucial element in this investigation is the technical data. The cryptographic dimension is dominated by numbers, alphanumeric strings, mathematical theories and algorithms. Here, the investigation of the definitional problem becomes truly problematic when the interpreter is required to compare a civil law category with an alphanumeric string, which is also capable of generating multiple problems within the world of law. At first impression, the lack of physical consistency of the phenomenon and the innovative underlying technology make the subject abstract and difficult to understand. The aim of the research is to technically analyse crypto-assets in order to identify, by category, the interests that the underlying code enables. The result is the identification of the discipline that, in light of the concrete cause and, therefore, of the manner in which the crypto-asset has been inserted within the transaction, allows for the protection of the interests that the parties intended to realise in the concreteness of the relevant relationship. The conclusions reached show that, through the use of a sterile subsumptive technique, crypto-assets have hitherto been univocally traced back to the categories of goods, money or financial instruments or products. However, the research carried out has made it possible, on the one hand, to look at crypto-assets in their typological variety and, on the other hand, to combine this phenomenological variety within the framework of the concrete functions that crypto-assets can perform in the relationship between private individuals. Indeed, crypto-assets possess their own typical function, which is given by the underlying code, which determines circuits of use and modes of use. Nevertheless, the typical function of crypto-assets must be redefined in light of the interests realised. The result will be a variability of applicable discipline on the basis of the concrete interest that from time to time the token will be called upon to satisfy, which may be an interest of payment, investment or utility, with the consequent case-by-case application of the discipline that the function invokes
MIGLIACCIO, EMANUELA
Cripto-attività; Beni; Moneta; Strumenti finanziari; Interessi realizzati
Crypto-activities; Goods; Money; Financial instrument; Interests
IUS/01 - DIRITTO PRIVATO
Italian
1-feb-2024
36
2022/2023
embargoed_20250201
(2024). Profili privatistici delle cripto-attività. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
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Descrizione: Profili privatistici delle cripto-attività
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/459191
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