Around 15% of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients do not respond well to standard chemotherapy, necessitating novel treatments. High-throughput (HTP) drug screening, utilizing a library of 174 FDA/EMA approved and novel agents, was conducted across therapeutically challenging pediatric BCP-ALL subgroups, such as Down Syndrome (DS) cases with IKZF1plus, ALL cases carrying gene rearrangement in PAX5, KMT2A, or CRLF2, and the latter in presence or absence of DS. The study aims to identify stand-alone effective and safe anti-leukemic agents, as well as compounds synergizing with the HDAC inhibitor givinostat, known for its efficacy against CRLF2r-ALL by modulation of the JAK2/STAT5 pathway. Primary cells from 34 BCP-ALL patients, comprising 9 CRLF2r DS (including 3 IKZF1plus), 15 PAX5r, and 10 KMT2Ar expanded as Patient-derived Xenografts (PDX), leukemic cell lines and healthy controls were exposed to plates pre-coated with 174 compounds across a concentration range of 8 nM-25 uM and cell viability was assessed with the CellTiter-Glo assay after three days culture. The CRLF2r BCP-ALL cell line MHH-CALL-4 was pre-treated with vehicle or givinostat for six hours to explore synergistic combinations for CRLF2r cases. A quantitative drug sensitivity score (DSS) for each drug was computed and selected efficient compounds statistically identified were further interrogated. First, we observed sensitivity to birinapant and HDAC inhibitors of IKZF1plus DS-ALL patients defined by a very poor prognosis. Further, we identified 9 compounds with a profound anti-leukemic action for all ALL subgroups tested and minimum effect on healthy cells: ABT-199 (venetoclax), AUY922 (luminespib), EC144, PF-04929113, NVP-HSP990, JQ1, paclitaxel, dexamethasone, and vincristine. Venetoclax emerged as the most promising candidate, demonstrating efficacy at nanomolar concentrations without affecting healthy hematopoietic stem cells and already under clinical approval. In the combinational approach, we showed the strong anti-leukemic potential of co-targeting the JAK2/STAT5 pathway via givinostat together with the MAPK signaling via trametinib or though apoptotic signaling via venetoclax, providing two new combination treatment options for CRLF2r ALL cases. This study highlights the advantages of HTP drug screening in tailoring treatments for poor prognosis pediatric BCP-ALL subgroups. It proposes birinapant and histone deacetylase inhibitors as promising options for IKZF1plus DS-ALL patients, venetoclax as an effective and safe option regardless of ALL subgroup, while introducing two givinostat combinations (trametinib, venetoclax) for CRLF2r-ALL cases. Implementing preclinical drug screening into standard diagnostic procedures could simplify therapeutic decision-making and offer personalized treatment options for currently vulnerable ALL cases and subgroups.

Circa il 15% dei pazienti pediatrici con leucemia linfoblastica acuta (LLA) non risponde bene alla chemioterapia standard, rendendo necessari nuovi trattamenti. Lo screening farmacologico ad alto rendimento (HTP), utilizzando una libreria di 174 nuovi agenti approvati dalla FDA/EMA, è stato condotto in sottogruppi pediatrici BCP-LLA terapeuticamente impegnativi, come i casi di sindrome di Down (DS) con IKZF1plus, casi di LLA portatori di riarrangiamento genico in PAX5, KMT2A o CRLF2 e quest'ultimo in presenza o assenza di DS. Lo studio mira a identificare agenti antileucemici autonomi efficaci e sicuri, nonché composti che sinergizzano con l'inibitore dell'HDAC givinostat, noto per la sua efficacia contro la CRLF2r-LLA mediante modulazione della via JAK2/STAT5. Cellule primarie di 34 pazienti con BCP-LLA, comprendenti 9 CRLF2r DS (inclusi 3 IKZF1plus), 15 PAX5r e 10 KMT2Ar espansi come xenotrapianti derivati dal paziente (PDX), linee cellulari leucemiche e controlli sani sono stati esposti a piastre pre-rivestite con 174 composti in un intervallo di concentrazione di 8 nM-25 uM e la vitalità cellulare è stata valutata con il saggio CellTiter-Glo dopo tre giorni di coltura. La linea cellulare CRLF2r BCP-LLA MHH-CALL-4 è stata pretrattata con veicolo o givinostat per sei ore per esplorare combinazioni sinergiche per i casi CRLF2r. È stato calcolato un punteggio quantitativo di sensibilità al farmaco (DSS) per ciascun farmaco e i composti efficienti selezionati identificati statisticamente sono stati ulteriormente interrogati. Innanzitutto, abbiamo osservato la sensibilità agli inibitori birinapant e HDAC dei pazienti con LLA DS IKZF1plus definiti da una prognosi molto sfavorevole. Inoltre, abbiamo identificato 9 composti con una profonda azione antileucemica per tutti i sottogruppi di LLA testati e un effetto minimo sulle cellule sane: ABT-199 (venetoclax), AUY922 (luminespib), EC144, PF-04929113, NVP-HSP990, JQ1, paclitaxel , desametasone e vincristina. Venetoclax è emerso come il candidato più promettente, dimostrando efficacia a concentrazioni nanomolari senza intaccare le cellule staminali ematopoietiche sane ed è già in fase di approvazione clinica. Nell’approccio combinatorio, abbiamo dimostrato il forte potenziale anti-leucemico del co-targeting sulla via JAK2/STAT5 tramite givinostat insieme al segnalazione MAPK tramite trametinib o tramite la segnalazione apoptotica tramite venetoclax, fornendo due nuove opzioni di trattamento combinato per i casi di LLA CRLF2r. Questo studio evidenzia i vantaggi dello screening farmacologico HTP nel personalizzare i trattamenti per i sottogruppi pediatrici BCP-LLA con prognosi sfavorevole. Propone birinapant e inibitori dell'istone deacetilasi come opzioni promettenti per i pazienti con LLA DS IKZF1plus, venetoclax come opzione efficace e sicura indipendentemente dal sottogruppo di LLA, introducendo al contempo due combinazioni di givinostat (trametinib, venetoclax) per i casi di LLA CRLF2r. L’implementazione dello screening preclinico dei farmaci nelle procedure diagnostiche standard potrebbe semplificare il processo decisionale terapeutico e offrire opzioni di trattamento personalizzate per i casi e i sottogruppi di LLA attualmente vulnerabili.

(2024). Modeling target treatment of high-risk childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).

Modeling target treatment of high-risk childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

OIKONOMOU, ATHANASIOS
2024

Abstract

Around 15% of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients do not respond well to standard chemotherapy, necessitating novel treatments. High-throughput (HTP) drug screening, utilizing a library of 174 FDA/EMA approved and novel agents, was conducted across therapeutically challenging pediatric BCP-ALL subgroups, such as Down Syndrome (DS) cases with IKZF1plus, ALL cases carrying gene rearrangement in PAX5, KMT2A, or CRLF2, and the latter in presence or absence of DS. The study aims to identify stand-alone effective and safe anti-leukemic agents, as well as compounds synergizing with the HDAC inhibitor givinostat, known for its efficacy against CRLF2r-ALL by modulation of the JAK2/STAT5 pathway. Primary cells from 34 BCP-ALL patients, comprising 9 CRLF2r DS (including 3 IKZF1plus), 15 PAX5r, and 10 KMT2Ar expanded as Patient-derived Xenografts (PDX), leukemic cell lines and healthy controls were exposed to plates pre-coated with 174 compounds across a concentration range of 8 nM-25 uM and cell viability was assessed with the CellTiter-Glo assay after three days culture. The CRLF2r BCP-ALL cell line MHH-CALL-4 was pre-treated with vehicle or givinostat for six hours to explore synergistic combinations for CRLF2r cases. A quantitative drug sensitivity score (DSS) for each drug was computed and selected efficient compounds statistically identified were further interrogated. First, we observed sensitivity to birinapant and HDAC inhibitors of IKZF1plus DS-ALL patients defined by a very poor prognosis. Further, we identified 9 compounds with a profound anti-leukemic action for all ALL subgroups tested and minimum effect on healthy cells: ABT-199 (venetoclax), AUY922 (luminespib), EC144, PF-04929113, NVP-HSP990, JQ1, paclitaxel, dexamethasone, and vincristine. Venetoclax emerged as the most promising candidate, demonstrating efficacy at nanomolar concentrations without affecting healthy hematopoietic stem cells and already under clinical approval. In the combinational approach, we showed the strong anti-leukemic potential of co-targeting the JAK2/STAT5 pathway via givinostat together with the MAPK signaling via trametinib or though apoptotic signaling via venetoclax, providing two new combination treatment options for CRLF2r ALL cases. This study highlights the advantages of HTP drug screening in tailoring treatments for poor prognosis pediatric BCP-ALL subgroups. It proposes birinapant and histone deacetylase inhibitors as promising options for IKZF1plus DS-ALL patients, venetoclax as an effective and safe option regardless of ALL subgroup, while introducing two givinostat combinations (trametinib, venetoclax) for CRLF2r-ALL cases. Implementing preclinical drug screening into standard diagnostic procedures could simplify therapeutic decision-making and offer personalized treatment options for currently vulnerable ALL cases and subgroups.
CAZZANIGA, GIOVANNI
HTP drug screening; Drug repurposing; Pediatric BCP-ALL; High-risk ALL; New treatments
HTP drug screening; Drug repurposing; Pediatric BCP-ALL; High-risk ALL; New treatments
MED/15 - MALATTIE DEL SANGUE
English
22-gen-2024
36
2022/2023
embargoed_20270122
(2024). Modeling target treatment of high-risk childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/457425
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