Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia is a hematological disorder belonging to the class of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN). It is characterized by a highly heterogeneous genetic profile, with mutations in various genes, including ASXL1, SETBP1, RAS, TET2, and ETNK1. It presents a very aggressive condition, and currently, due to limited treatment options, the prognosis for patients is typically poor, with a median overall survival of 24 months. Therefore, it is necessary to better investigate the molecular characteristics underlying this condition and to identify new therapeutic targets and to develop targeted therapies. In this context, the main goal of this thesis is to investigate the role of mutations of the oncogene SETBP1 in the development of hematological disorders within the spectrum of MDS/MPN, with specific focus on aCML. Moreover, this thesis aims to establish a rational investigation for the identification of targeted therapies tailored to mutated SETBP1. To achieve the proposed objectives, we conducted a single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis on bone marrow samples from a group of aCML patients. First, we assessed the transcriptional programs associated with MDS/MPN and, more specifically, those regulated by SETBP1 mutations. This analysis identified the upregulation of genes known to be involved in myeloid differentiation, including CEBPA, CSF3R, and RUNX1, in patients with aCML compared to healthy donors. Furthermore, through single-cell phenotypic assignment, we identified clusters which share transcriptional features of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The analysis of differentially expressed genes in these clusters showed an upregulation of potentially significant genes in aCML patients, including SQSTM1, IL1B, and EpCAM. Moreover, focusing on the role of SETBP1, we identified an upregulation of BCL2 in patients with SETBP1 mutations compared to SETBP1 negative patients. The inhibition of BCL2 with venetoclax demonstrated a strong in vitro effect in selectively reducing the ability to differentiate of hematopoietic progenitor cells of SETBP1 positive patients. To further investigate the phenotype of MDS/MPN neoplasms carrying SETBP1 mutations, we developed a mouse model expressing the human isoform of SETBP1 with the G870S mutation (SETBP1G870S). The expression of mutated SETBP1 in the hematopoietic system of mice led to the development of a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by a significant disruption of the normal hematopoietic differentiation process, with an abnormal expansion of the myeloid compartment. This model proved valid for testing new drugs targeted mutated SETBP1. From the initial tests, we found that histone deacetylase inhibition reduces the ability of hematopoietic progenitor cells in SETBP1G870S mice to grow and differentiate into colonies and limits their proliferation. Additionally, the inhibition of BCL2 was also efficient in inducing apoptosis in murine progenitors in vitro. In conclusion, the transcriptome analysis of aCML patients provided valuable insights into the potential origin of the disease, and revealed intriguing molecular mechanisms that remain to be investigated with the aim of developing new therapeutic strategies. The generation of the SETBP1G870S mouse model allowed us to establish a rational experimental setting to test drugs ex vivo and to identify new potential pathways to target in the presence of SETBP1 mutations.
La leucemia mieloide cronica atipica è una malattia ematologica, appartenente alla classe delle neoplasie mielodisplastiche/mieloproliferative (MDS/MPN). È caratterizzata da un profilo genico altamente eterogeneo, con presenza di mutazioni a carico di una serie di geni, tra cui risultano ASXL1, SETBP1, RAS, TET2 e ETNK1. Si presenta come una patologia molto aggressiva a causa delle limitate opzioni di trattamento. La prognosi dei pazienti risulta infausta, con una mediana di sopravvivenza di circa 24 mesi. Appare, dunque, necessario indagare più approfonditamente le caratteristiche molecolari alla base di questa patologia, per poter identificare nuovi bersagli terapeutici e impostare terapie mirate. In questo scenario, questa tesi di dottorato si pone come obiettivo principale quello di indagare il ruolo che hanno le mutazioni a carico dell’oncogene SETBP1 nello sviluppo dei disturbi ematologici all'interno dello spettro delle MDS/MPN, con una specifica attenzione alla aCML. In secondo luogo, questa tesi ha come intento quello di impostare un’indagine razionale per l'individuazione di terapie mirate contro le mutazioni di SETBP1. Per poter raggiungere gli obiettivi proposti, abbiamo condotto un’analisi di trascrittomica a singola cellula su campioni midollari di un gruppo di pazienti affetti da aCML, per valutare, in primo luogo, i programmi trascrizionali che potessero essere associati alle MDS/MPN e, più specificatamente, quelli che risultassero regolati dalla presenza di mutazioni in SETBP1. Questa analisi ha identificato la disregolazione di geni noti per essere coinvolti nel differenziamento mieloide, tra cui CEBPA, CSF3R e RUNX1, nei pazienti affetti da aCML rispetto ai donatori sani. Inoltre, attraverso un’attribuzione fenotipica a singola cellula, è stato possibile identificare i clusters che risultavano più simili, da un punto di vista trascrizionale, alle cellule staminali ematopoietiche (HSCs). L’analisi dei geni differenzialmente espressi in questi clusters ha mostrato un’iper regolazione di geni potenzialmente significativi nei pazienti aCML, tra cui SQSTM1, IL1B e EpCAM. Inoltre, concentrandoci sul ruolo di SETBP1, abbiamo identificato un'iper regolazione di BCL2 nei pazienti portatori di mutazioni di SETBP1 rispetto ai pazienti SETBP1 negativi. L’inibizione di BCL2, con venetoclax, ha dimostrato un forte effetto nel ridurre selettivamente la capacità di differenziarsi delle cellule ematopoietiche progenitrici umane dei pazienti SETBP1 positivi. Infine, per potere indagare ulteriormente il fenotipo delle neoplasie MDS/MPN che presentano mutazioni di SETBP1, abbiamo sviluppato un modello murino esprimente l’isoforma umana di SETBP1 con mutazione G870S (SETBP1G870S). L'espressione di SETBP1 mutato nel sistema ematopoietico dei topi ha portato allo sviluppo di un disordine mieloproliferativo cronico caratterizzato da una significativa alterazione del processo di differenziamento ematopoietico, con un'anomala espansione del compartimento mieloide. Questo modello si è dimostrato valido per testare nuovi farmaci mirati contro SETBP1 mutato. Dai primi test si è evinto che l’inibizione delle deacetilasi istoniche riduce la capacità delle cellule progenitrici ematopoietiche dei topi SETBP1G870S di crescere e differenziarsi in colonie, oltre a limitarne la proliferazione. In aggiunta anche l’inibizione di BCL2 in vitro si è dimostrata efficiente nell’indurre l’apoptosi nei progenitori murini. In conclusione, l’analisi del trascrittoma dei pazienti aCML ci ha offerto preziosi spunti sulla possibile origine della malattia, oltre a rivelare i nuovi meccanismi molecolari da indagare, con l’obiettivo di sviluppare strategie terapeutiche innovative. La generazione del modello murino SETBP1G870S ci ha permesso di impostare un setting sperimentale razionale per testare farmaci ex vivo e per identificare nuove potenziali vie da bersagliare in presenza della mutazione di SETBP1.
(2024). Characterizing Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Prospects in MDS/MPN Neoplasms: A Focus on SETBP1 Mutations. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2024).
Characterizing Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Prospects in MDS/MPN Neoplasms: A Focus on SETBP1 Mutations
CRIPPA, VALENTINA
2024
Abstract
Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia is a hematological disorder belonging to the class of myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN). It is characterized by a highly heterogeneous genetic profile, with mutations in various genes, including ASXL1, SETBP1, RAS, TET2, and ETNK1. It presents a very aggressive condition, and currently, due to limited treatment options, the prognosis for patients is typically poor, with a median overall survival of 24 months. Therefore, it is necessary to better investigate the molecular characteristics underlying this condition and to identify new therapeutic targets and to develop targeted therapies. In this context, the main goal of this thesis is to investigate the role of mutations of the oncogene SETBP1 in the development of hematological disorders within the spectrum of MDS/MPN, with specific focus on aCML. Moreover, this thesis aims to establish a rational investigation for the identification of targeted therapies tailored to mutated SETBP1. To achieve the proposed objectives, we conducted a single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis on bone marrow samples from a group of aCML patients. First, we assessed the transcriptional programs associated with MDS/MPN and, more specifically, those regulated by SETBP1 mutations. This analysis identified the upregulation of genes known to be involved in myeloid differentiation, including CEBPA, CSF3R, and RUNX1, in patients with aCML compared to healthy donors. Furthermore, through single-cell phenotypic assignment, we identified clusters which share transcriptional features of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The analysis of differentially expressed genes in these clusters showed an upregulation of potentially significant genes in aCML patients, including SQSTM1, IL1B, and EpCAM. Moreover, focusing on the role of SETBP1, we identified an upregulation of BCL2 in patients with SETBP1 mutations compared to SETBP1 negative patients. The inhibition of BCL2 with venetoclax demonstrated a strong in vitro effect in selectively reducing the ability to differentiate of hematopoietic progenitor cells of SETBP1 positive patients. To further investigate the phenotype of MDS/MPN neoplasms carrying SETBP1 mutations, we developed a mouse model expressing the human isoform of SETBP1 with the G870S mutation (SETBP1G870S). The expression of mutated SETBP1 in the hematopoietic system of mice led to the development of a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by a significant disruption of the normal hematopoietic differentiation process, with an abnormal expansion of the myeloid compartment. This model proved valid for testing new drugs targeted mutated SETBP1. From the initial tests, we found that histone deacetylase inhibition reduces the ability of hematopoietic progenitor cells in SETBP1G870S mice to grow and differentiate into colonies and limits their proliferation. Additionally, the inhibition of BCL2 was also efficient in inducing apoptosis in murine progenitors in vitro. In conclusion, the transcriptome analysis of aCML patients provided valuable insights into the potential origin of the disease, and revealed intriguing molecular mechanisms that remain to be investigated with the aim of developing new therapeutic strategies. The generation of the SETBP1G870S mouse model allowed us to establish a rational experimental setting to test drugs ex vivo and to identify new potential pathways to target in the presence of SETBP1 mutations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: PhD_thesis_Valentina Crippa_803364
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