Forced population displacement is an age-old phenomenon that international law is gradually addressing, in particular in order to provide a normative response to the protection of forcibly displaced persons. Leaving aside this aspect, which is now well developed in international law, and which concerns in particular the obligations of receiving States, this research work explores the rules that are directly or indirectly addressed to the States of origin of involuntary migration, in order to anticipate and prevent it. Through a transversal study of several branches of international law, but also through the analysis of certain extra-legal concepts that now tend to influence the evolution of legal instruments, this study answers a double question: to discover if there are specific norms regarding the phenomena of forced population displacement, notably in terms of prevention and repression, and if certain obligations have been formulated on this point for the States of origin of population movements. These questions derive from the actual observation of forced migration, and in particular its sources, often represented by the actions undertaken by the States themselves, as is the case in contexts of human rights violations and armed conflicts. Indeed, forced population displacements materialise in multiple contexts, which therefore call for the mobilisation of rules of different nature. The first part of the thesis was dedicated to the search for prevention norms in the field of forced population displacement, through the analysis of the different branches of international law. The first observation is that the relevant rules of international law are very fragmented. This implies that the existing or developing body of law does not consider forced movements per se, but always in relation to the context in which they occur, as a consequence of the activity in question. For this purpose, the norms relating to the environment and climate change, but also to armed conflicts and human rights were analysed in their preventive approach. The second observation shows the existence of disparate norms, with varying normative value, in the current legal panorama. However, certain developments are to be noted, as new regulations are asserting themselves on the international scene, notably through the contribution of soft law. This first part was followed by a second part focusing on the responsibility of States and individuals in case of violation of obligations in this field. Firstly, international criminal law is the most developed on the subject of involuntary departures, having consolidated the regime of individual responsibility for forced population transfers, which now represents an element of international crimes. In this respect, the study has attempted to explore the normative developments in this area, particularly in the different contexts of forced migration, in order to understand how these new phenomena are apprehended by international law. Secondly, the regime of state responsibility has been studied in order to understand whether states can incur international responsibility for having caused or not having done what was necessary to avoid involuntary population departures.
I forced displacement di popolazioni rappresentano un fenomeno ancestrale, che il diritto internazionale sta gradualmente affrontando e integrando, in particolare per fornire una risposta normativa alla protezione delle persone sfollate di forza. Tralasciando questo aspetto, ormai ben sviluppato nel diritto internazionale, che riguarda in particolare gli obblighi degli Stati riceventi, il presente lavoro di ricerca esplora le norme che si rivolgono direttamente o indirettamente agli Stati di origine delle migrazioni involontarie, al fine di anticiparle e prevenirle. Attraverso uno studio trasversale di diverse materie del diritto internazionale, ma anche attraverso l'analisi di alcuni concetti extra-giuridici che oggi tendono a influenzare l'evoluzione degli strumenti giuridici, questo studio parte da una duplice domanda: in primo luogo, scoprire se esistono norme specifiche riguardanti i fenomeni di forced displacement di popolazione, in particolare in termini di prevenzione e repressione; in secondo luogo, se sono stati formulati alcuni obblighi su questo punto in capo agli Stati di origine dei movimenti di popolazione. Queste domande nascono dall'osservazione concreta delle migrazioni forzate, e in particolare degli eventi che ne sono alla fonte, spesso rappresentati dalle azioni intraprese dagli stessi Stati, come nel caso dei contesti di violazione dei diritti umani e di conflitti armati. In effetti, questi movimenti migratori involontari si materializzano in contesti diversi, che richiedono quindi la mobilitazione di norme di diversa natura. La prima parte della tesi è stata dedicata alla ricerca di norme di prevenzione nel campo degli spostamenti forzati di popolazione, attraverso l'analisi delle diverse materie del diritto internazionale. La prima osservazione è che le norme pertinenti del diritto internazionale sono molto frammentate. Ciò implica che il corpus giuridico esistente, o in via di sviluppo, non considera gli spostamenti forzati come fenomeno singolo, ma in relazione al contesto in cui questi si verificano, in quanto conseguenza dell'attività in questione. A tal fine, le norme del diritto internazionale relative all’ambiente, così come ai cambiamenti climatici in maniera più specifica, ma anche ai conflitti armati e ai diritti umani, sono state analizzate, verificando se le norme di prevenzione fossero adeguate al fenomeno preso in esame. La seconda osservazione mostra l'esistenza di norme disparate nell'attuale panorama giuridico, con valore normativo variabile. Tuttavia, vanno segnalati alcuni sviluppi, in quanto nuove norme si stanno affermando sulla scena internazionale, in particolare attraverso il contributo della soft law. Questa prima parte è stata seguita da una seconda, incentrata sulla responsabilità degli Stati e degli individui in caso di violazione degli obblighi precedentemente analizzati. In primo luogo, il diritto penale internazionale si presenta come il più evoluto sul tema delle partenze involontarie, avendo consolidato il regime di responsabilità individuale per i trasferimenti forzati di popolazione, che ora rappresenta uno tra gli elementi dei crimini internazionali. A questo proposito, lo studio ha cercato di esplorare gli sviluppi normativi in questo settore, in particolare nei diversi contesti di migrazione forzata, al fine di comprendere come questi nuovi fenomeni vengano recepiti dal diritto internazionale. In secondo luogo, è stato studiato il regime di responsabilità degli Stati, per capire se questi possano far sorgere la responsabilità sul piano internazionale per aver causato, o non aver fatto il necessario per evitare le partenze involontarie di popolazione.
(2023). Déplacements forcés de population et droit international. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
Déplacements forcés de population et droit international
PARISI, CHIARA
2023
Abstract
Forced population displacement is an age-old phenomenon that international law is gradually addressing, in particular in order to provide a normative response to the protection of forcibly displaced persons. Leaving aside this aspect, which is now well developed in international law, and which concerns in particular the obligations of receiving States, this research work explores the rules that are directly or indirectly addressed to the States of origin of involuntary migration, in order to anticipate and prevent it. Through a transversal study of several branches of international law, but also through the analysis of certain extra-legal concepts that now tend to influence the evolution of legal instruments, this study answers a double question: to discover if there are specific norms regarding the phenomena of forced population displacement, notably in terms of prevention and repression, and if certain obligations have been formulated on this point for the States of origin of population movements. These questions derive from the actual observation of forced migration, and in particular its sources, often represented by the actions undertaken by the States themselves, as is the case in contexts of human rights violations and armed conflicts. Indeed, forced population displacements materialise in multiple contexts, which therefore call for the mobilisation of rules of different nature. The first part of the thesis was dedicated to the search for prevention norms in the field of forced population displacement, through the analysis of the different branches of international law. The first observation is that the relevant rules of international law are very fragmented. This implies that the existing or developing body of law does not consider forced movements per se, but always in relation to the context in which they occur, as a consequence of the activity in question. For this purpose, the norms relating to the environment and climate change, but also to armed conflicts and human rights were analysed in their preventive approach. The second observation shows the existence of disparate norms, with varying normative value, in the current legal panorama. However, certain developments are to be noted, as new regulations are asserting themselves on the international scene, notably through the contribution of soft law. This first part was followed by a second part focusing on the responsibility of States and individuals in case of violation of obligations in this field. Firstly, international criminal law is the most developed on the subject of involuntary departures, having consolidated the regime of individual responsibility for forced population transfers, which now represents an element of international crimes. In this respect, the study has attempted to explore the normative developments in this area, particularly in the different contexts of forced migration, in order to understand how these new phenomena are apprehended by international law. Secondly, the regime of state responsibility has been studied in order to understand whether states can incur international responsibility for having caused or not having done what was necessary to avoid involuntary population departures.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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