One of the consequences of globalisation, migratory flows and the ethnic pluralism which now characterises the society, is the spread of forms of foreign organised crime in Italy. These are groups of different origins (mainly Chinese, Nigerian and Balkan), which operate in a transnational dimension and pursue economic enrichment by means of serious crimes ranging from drug trafficking to human beings trade and exploitation. Such dangerous organisations exist alongside the Italian “historical” mafia-type ones and are commonly defined as “foreign mafias”, although showing characteristics that are not perfectly coincident with the “mafia” stricto sensu. Therefore, over the last three decades the problem has arisen for judges to bring similar groups within the legal paradigm of Art. 416-bis Italian penal code, the mafia-type association. This one, however, is specifically tailored to the criminological features of the phenomenon born in the South of Italy. The result of this operation has been an adaptation of the norm to the new criminal realities, through an extensive interpretation compared to the consolidated one, which was not without difficulties and variations. The dissertation tackles this subject from different angles, always regarding the international dimension of both the phenomenon and the policies to combat it. More particularly, the adequacy of the offences that punish criminal associations in the Italian system is investigated, in light of the changes in organised crime of which the “ethnic mafias” are just one example. Starting from the empirical characteristics – unavoidable for a correct legal description – of traditional “mafias”, their evolving forms and foreign criminal groups, the legislation on organised crime is then analysed, at the international, European and lastly domestic level. Once established such framework, we move on to the field of application and case law, examining courts’ decisions that have dealt with foreign criminal groups, applying in some cases the Art. 416-bis c.p. and in others the general Art. 416 c.p. The focus of the research are the problems emerging from the jurisprudential options, in part common to those of the so-called delocalised “mafias” and autochthonous “new mafias” (of which “Mafia Capitale” is a glaring example). Considering such issues, after a brief comparison with the legislative solutions adopted in other systems – also in alignment with international requests – we come to reflect on the need for a reform of the internal legislation, envisaging some possible solutions. In particular, the typification of an intermediate crime, aimed at describing more accurately the features, operational methods and greater offensiveness of modern and often transnational forms of organised crime is proposed.

Fra le conseguenze della globalizzazione, dei flussi migratori e del pluralismo etnico che ormai caratterizza la società, vi è la diffusione in Italia di forme di criminalità organizzata straniera. Si tratta di gruppi di diversa origine (principalmente cinese, nigeriana e balcanica), che operano in una dimensione transnazionale e perseguono l’arricchimento economico tramite gravi delitti che spaziano dal traffico di stupefacenti alla tratta e allo sfruttamento di esseri umani. Queste pericolose organizzazioni coabitano con quelle mafiose “storiche” italiane e sono comunemente definite “mafie straniere”, pur non presentando caratteristiche perfettamente coincidenti con la “mafia” stricto sensu. Pertanto, negli ultimi tre decenni si è posto per i giudici il problema di ricondurre simili consorterie entro il paradigma giuridico dell’art. 416-bis c.p., l’associazione di tipo mafioso, specificamente ritagliata sui connotati criminologici del fenomeno nato nel Meridione. Ne è risultata un’operazione di adattamento della norma alle nuove realtà criminali, attraverso un’interpretazione estensiva rispetto a quella consolidata, non senza difficoltà e oscillazioni. Il presente lavoro affronta tale tematica da angolazioni diverse, sempre tenendo in considerazione la dimensione internazionale sia del fenomeno che del suo contrasto, e indagando l’adeguatezza dei reati che nell’ordinamento italiano puniscono le associazioni a delinquere, alla luce dei mutamenti della criminalità organizzata di cui le “mafie etniche” sono solo un esempio. Partendo dalle caratteristiche empiriche – imprescindibili per una corretta descrizione normativa – delle “mafie” tradizionali, delle loro forme evolutive e dei sodalizi stranieri, viene poi analizzata la legislazione in materia di criminalità organizzata, a livello internazionale, europeo e infine domestico. Individuata tale cornice, ci si sposta sul piano applicativo e si approfondisce la giurisprudenza che si è occupata dei gruppi criminali stranieri, applicando talvolta l’art. 416-bis c.p. e talaltra il generale art. 416 c.p. Fulcro della ricerca sono le criticità che emergono dalle opzioni giurisprudenziali, in parte comuni alle problematiche delle cosiddette “mafie delocalizzate” e “nuove mafie” autoctone (di cui è esempio lampante “Mafia Capitale”). Interrogandosi su tali questioni, dopo una piccola comparazione con le soluzioni normative adottate in altri ordinamenti – anche in adeguamento alle richieste internazionali – si arriva a riflettere sulla necessità di una riforma della normativa interna, proponendo alcune possibili soluzioni. In particolare, viene prospettata la tipizzazione di una fattispecie intermedia volta a descrivere più puntualmente le caratteristiche, le modalità operative e la maggior offensività delle forme di criminalità organizzata moderne e spesso transnazionali.

(2023). Associazioni a delinquere e criminalità organizzata “straniera” nell’ordinamento italiano: scenari attuali e prospettive de iure condendo. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).

Associazioni a delinquere e criminalità organizzata “straniera” nell’ordinamento italiano: scenari attuali e prospettive de iure condendo

PEPÈ, GIORDANA
2023

Abstract

One of the consequences of globalisation, migratory flows and the ethnic pluralism which now characterises the society, is the spread of forms of foreign organised crime in Italy. These are groups of different origins (mainly Chinese, Nigerian and Balkan), which operate in a transnational dimension and pursue economic enrichment by means of serious crimes ranging from drug trafficking to human beings trade and exploitation. Such dangerous organisations exist alongside the Italian “historical” mafia-type ones and are commonly defined as “foreign mafias”, although showing characteristics that are not perfectly coincident with the “mafia” stricto sensu. Therefore, over the last three decades the problem has arisen for judges to bring similar groups within the legal paradigm of Art. 416-bis Italian penal code, the mafia-type association. This one, however, is specifically tailored to the criminological features of the phenomenon born in the South of Italy. The result of this operation has been an adaptation of the norm to the new criminal realities, through an extensive interpretation compared to the consolidated one, which was not without difficulties and variations. The dissertation tackles this subject from different angles, always regarding the international dimension of both the phenomenon and the policies to combat it. More particularly, the adequacy of the offences that punish criminal associations in the Italian system is investigated, in light of the changes in organised crime of which the “ethnic mafias” are just one example. Starting from the empirical characteristics – unavoidable for a correct legal description – of traditional “mafias”, their evolving forms and foreign criminal groups, the legislation on organised crime is then analysed, at the international, European and lastly domestic level. Once established such framework, we move on to the field of application and case law, examining courts’ decisions that have dealt with foreign criminal groups, applying in some cases the Art. 416-bis c.p. and in others the general Art. 416 c.p. The focus of the research are the problems emerging from the jurisprudential options, in part common to those of the so-called delocalised “mafias” and autochthonous “new mafias” (of which “Mafia Capitale” is a glaring example). Considering such issues, after a brief comparison with the legislative solutions adopted in other systems – also in alignment with international requests – we come to reflect on the need for a reform of the internal legislation, envisaging some possible solutions. In particular, the typification of an intermediate crime, aimed at describing more accurately the features, operational methods and greater offensiveness of modern and often transnational forms of organised crime is proposed.
PECORELLA, CLAUDIA
Crimine organizzato; Associazioni mafiose; "Mafie straniere"; Art. 416-bis c.p.; Reati associativi
Organised crime; Mafia-type groups; "Foreign mafias"; Art. 416-bis c.p.; Association crimes
IUS/17 - DIRITTO PENALE
Italian
30-mag-2023
35
2021/2022
embargoed_20260530
(2023). Associazioni a delinquere e criminalità organizzata “straniera” nell’ordinamento italiano: scenari attuali e prospettive de iure condendo. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/417764
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