Temperature has been recognized as a pivotal factor shaping ecosystem structure and functioning; nevertheless, there is still a lack of systematic water temperature monitoring in rivers. Most of the data are scattered and have been measured sporadically providing rough estimations of the water thermal regime, especially in mountain streams where fluctuations are not negligible. Moreover, field studies investigating the relationship between water temperature and the aquatic biota rarely address the role of intra annual variability and not always disentangle the effects of other environmental factors. Given these gaps, this thesis presents six pieces of work regarding the water thermal regime and its effect on the aquatic biota. First, since the thermal regime varies depending on the type of watercourse, the water temperature of 16 mid-altitude stream sites was monitored, and the daily and seasonal patterns were described. The results show that the interaction of different water sources and the presence of reservoirs promote a high stream thermal heterogeneity within the watershed, outlining important ecological implications. Then, hydroelectric plants powered by flowing water can affect the water thermal regime, but their impacts have not yet been considered. Thus, the water temperature was monitored along a sequence of riverine stretches subjected to water diversion. The analysis of the thermal regimes revealed that within the by-passed stretches, due to the low flow, the rate of warming doubles the natural gradient while in the diverted channel the water temperature remains almost constant. In the following studies, the relationship between the water thermal regime and the aquatic biota was investigated by combining a systematic literature review focusing on the effects of water temperature on freshwater macroinvertebrates with three field studies carried out on biofilm, macroinvertebrates, and fish, respectively. A one-year survey with monthly samplings of biofilm and macrobenthos across streams with different annual thermal variability allowed to examine the spatiotemporal patterns of the communities, disentangling the effect of the water thermal regime from other environmental variables. The results showed that water temperature promotes a change in the dominance of periphyton groups and macroinvertebrate taxa throughout the year. The annual thermal variability induces a phenological desynchronization among the populations of some macroinvertebrate taxa inhabiting the different streams. Lastly, since climate change is one of the first threats to mountain lotic systems, the Salmo trutta habitat suitability of a regulated river was assessed under different climatic scenarios and a deterioration was pointed out especially driven by the temperature increase.

La temperatura è un fattore cruciale che influenza la struttura e il funzionamento degli ecosistemi; tuttavia, manca ancora un monitoraggio sistematico di tale parametro nei fiumi. La maggior parte dei dati riguarda misure sporadiche e sparse che forniscono stime approssimative del regime termico dell'acqua, soprattutto in montagna dove le fluttuazioni non sono trascurabili. Inoltre, gli studi in campo che indagano la relazione tra la temperatura e il biota acquatico raramente affrontano il ruolo della variabilità intra-annuale e non sempre disgiungono gli effetti di altri fattori ambientali. Date queste lacune, questa tesi presenta sei lavori riguardanti il regime termico dell'acqua e il suo effetto sul biota. Innanzitutto, dato che il regime termico varia a seconda del tipo di corpo idrico, è stata monitorata la temperatura dell'acqua in 16 siti situati in torrenti montani e sono state descritte le variazioni giornaliere e stagionali. I risultati mostrano che diversi tipi di sorgente e la presenza di bacini idrici, insieme, promuovono un'elevata eterogeneità termica tra i corsi d’acqua appartenenti allo stesso bacino idrografico, con importanti implicazioni ecologiche. Inoltre, gli impianti idroelettrici ad acqua fluente possono influenzare il regime termico fluviale, ma il loro impatto non è stato ancora considerato, nonostante essi siano molto diffusi. Dunque, è stata monitorata la temperatura dell’acqua lungo una sequenza di tratti fluviali interessati da derivazioni idroelettriche. L'analisi del regime termico ha rivelato che nei tratti derivati il tasso di riscaldamento è doppio rispetto a quello naturale mentre nei canali di derivazione la temperatura dell’acqua rimane pressoché costante. La presenza di centrali idroelettriche in sequenza determina un cambiamento del profilo termico longitudinale del fiume che passa da continuo a “gradini”. Negli studi successivi è stata indagata la relazione tra il regime termico e il biota acquatico combinando una ricerca sistematica della letteratura riguardante gli effetti della temperatura sui macroinvertebrati d'acqua dolce con tre studi in campo condotti rispettivamente su biofilm, macroinvertebrati e pesci. Un'indagine di un anno con campionamenti mensili di benthos in corsi d'acqua con diversa variabilità termica annuale ha permesso di esaminare i pattern spazio-temporali delle comunità, disgiungendo l'effetto del regime termico fluviale da quelli di altri fattori ambientali. I risultati mostrano che la temperatura dell'acqua influisce sulla dominanza dei gruppi di perifiton e dei macroinvertebrati e sulla loro dinamica nell’arco dell’anno. Inoltre, la variabilità termica induce una desincronizzazione fenologica tra le popolazioni di alcuni taxa che vivono nei diversi corsi d'acqua. Poiché il cambiamento climatico è una delle prime minacce per i sistemi lotici montani, è stata infine valutata l'idoneità dell'habitat della trota fario in un fiume regolato, in diversi scenari climatici, evidenziando un deterioramento dovuto soprattutto all'aumento della temperatura.

(2023). THERMAL REGIME OF MOUNTAIN STREAMS: DRIVERS AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON THE AQUATIC BIOTA. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).

THERMAL REGIME OF MOUNTAIN STREAMS: DRIVERS AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON THE AQUATIC BIOTA

BONACINA, LUCA
2023

Abstract

Temperature has been recognized as a pivotal factor shaping ecosystem structure and functioning; nevertheless, there is still a lack of systematic water temperature monitoring in rivers. Most of the data are scattered and have been measured sporadically providing rough estimations of the water thermal regime, especially in mountain streams where fluctuations are not negligible. Moreover, field studies investigating the relationship between water temperature and the aquatic biota rarely address the role of intra annual variability and not always disentangle the effects of other environmental factors. Given these gaps, this thesis presents six pieces of work regarding the water thermal regime and its effect on the aquatic biota. First, since the thermal regime varies depending on the type of watercourse, the water temperature of 16 mid-altitude stream sites was monitored, and the daily and seasonal patterns were described. The results show that the interaction of different water sources and the presence of reservoirs promote a high stream thermal heterogeneity within the watershed, outlining important ecological implications. Then, hydroelectric plants powered by flowing water can affect the water thermal regime, but their impacts have not yet been considered. Thus, the water temperature was monitored along a sequence of riverine stretches subjected to water diversion. The analysis of the thermal regimes revealed that within the by-passed stretches, due to the low flow, the rate of warming doubles the natural gradient while in the diverted channel the water temperature remains almost constant. In the following studies, the relationship between the water thermal regime and the aquatic biota was investigated by combining a systematic literature review focusing on the effects of water temperature on freshwater macroinvertebrates with three field studies carried out on biofilm, macroinvertebrates, and fish, respectively. A one-year survey with monthly samplings of biofilm and macrobenthos across streams with different annual thermal variability allowed to examine the spatiotemporal patterns of the communities, disentangling the effect of the water thermal regime from other environmental variables. The results showed that water temperature promotes a change in the dominance of periphyton groups and macroinvertebrate taxa throughout the year. The annual thermal variability induces a phenological desynchronization among the populations of some macroinvertebrate taxa inhabiting the different streams. Lastly, since climate change is one of the first threats to mountain lotic systems, the Salmo trutta habitat suitability of a regulated river was assessed under different climatic scenarios and a deterioration was pointed out especially driven by the temperature increase.
FINIZIO, ANTONIO
MEZZANOTTE, VALERIA FEDERICA MARIA
Temperatura acquatic; invasi; idroelettricità; macroinvertebrati; crisi climatica
Water temperature; reservoirs; hydropower plants; macroinvertebrates; climate change
BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA
Italian
17-mag-2023
35
2021/2022
open
(2023). THERMAL REGIME OF MOUNTAIN STREAMS: DRIVERS AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON THE AQUATIC BIOTA. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/416018
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