For the future to affect our present, we must first hold it in high regard. Feeling a psychological connection is one way to view the future as important. Individuals experience temporal continuity when they perceive strong links between the present, past, and future. One can perceive temporal continuity on two levels of identity: the individual and the social. Self-continuity is the degree to which one believes they are the same person over time and is essential to one's self-esteem and well-being. Similarly, memories with positive moral content are perceived as more recent. Engaging in unethical behavior produces changes in memory so that memories of unethical actions gradually become less clear and vivid than memories of ethical actions while recalling past immoral behavior might evoke compensatory moral behavior in the present. Individuals can also be connected to their perceived ingroup's past or future. Collective continuity is the belief that the group's culture is trans-generationally transmitted through a coherent link between its important historical events. Because a strong social identity can result in different reactions to ingroup and outgroup members, collective continuity can affect group-level moral judgments and behaviors differently. For example, the perception of the ingroup's temporal coherence results in stronger inclinations to protect it and decreases tolerance for the outgroup members. While projecting oneself to past events is a strong motivator of present behavior, thinking about the future might also affect our current decisions. Specifically, individuals can imagine and think about future events and give varying levels of importance to their future selves or the future of their group entities. In this thesis, we are building on the present work regarding self- and collective continuity by examining how projections about our future individual and collective selves affect how we think about and understand right and wrong today. We aim to show how future self and collective continuity are related to present ethical judgments, decisions, and behavior. We explore the notion that the possibility of perceiving a clear psychological overlap between the (individual and social) selves over time might help shift from selfishness to openness and care for others. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the relevant theoretical concepts and frameworks. We define future self- and collective continuity and review studies regarding their effects on present moral behavior and deliberations. In Chapter 2, we describe seven studies that examined the relationship between future self-continuity and moral foundations. These studies had five primary aims: understand how future self-continuity relates to individualizing and binding moral foundations (Studies 1-7), develop and study the effects of a future self-continuity manipulation on moral foundations judgments (Studies 2-3), examine the mediational role of moral identity centrality (Studies 4-6), disentangling the effect of different temporal and self-framings on moral foundations concerns (Studies 5-6), and attempting to generalize the effect of future self-continuity to real-life moral behavior (Study 7). Chapter 3 covers the results of two studies interested in understanding the structure of collective future continuity and its relationship to outgroup prosocial behavior. Specifically, these studies aimed to: define the structure of collective future continuity, present preliminary correlational evidence on its effect on prosocial beliefs and judgments (Study 8) and normative expectations, and explore the mediation effect of collective angst (Study 9). Chapter 4 concludes, discusses our findings, and reflects upon the limitations, implications, and future directions.
Si può percepire continuità temporale a due livelli di analisi: individuale e sociale. La continuità del Sé è il grado in cui si crede di rimanere la stessa persona nel corso del tempo ed è essenziale per la propria autostima. I nostri atti immorali passati possono essere psicologicamente allontanati in modo strategico per definire chi siamo in termini positivi o chi desideriamo essere. Mettere in atto comportamenti non etici produce cambiamenti nella memoria in modo che i ricordi di azioni non etiche diventino gradualmente meno chiari dei ricordi di azioni etiche. I ricordi con contenuto morale positivo sono percepiti come più recenti. Si può anche essere collegato al passato o al futuro del loro ingroup. La continuità collettiva è la convinzione che la cultura del gruppo sia trasmessa transgenerazionalmente attraverso un legame. Poiché una forte identità sociale ha degli effetti rilevanti sulle reazioni nei confronti dei membri dell'ingroup e dell'outgroup, la continuità collettiva è in grado di influenzare in vari modi i giudizi morali a livello di gruppo. La percezione di coerenza temporale tra passato e presente dell'ingroup si traduce in inclinazioni a proteggerlo e diminuisce la tolleranza verso i membri dell'outgroup. Anche pensare al futuro potrebbe influenzare le nostre decisioni attuali. Gli individui possono immaginare e pensare a eventi futuri e attribuire vari livelli di importanza al loro sé futuro o al futuro dei loro ingroup. Il lavoro presentato in questa tesi si propone di indagare questi fenomeni associati alla percezione di continuità futura individuale e collettiva e, nello specifico, di esaminare come le proiezioni al futuro dei nostri sé individuali e collettivi influenzino il modo in cui valutiamo e comprendiamo “il giusto” e “lo sbagliato”. L’obiettivo è di mostrare come la continuità futura del sé e collettiva siano correlati ai giudizi, alle decisioni e ai comportamenti etici presenti. L’ipotesi della ricerca è che la percezione di una chiara sovrapposizione psicologica tra i sé (individuali e sociali) presenti e futuri aumenti il supporto dell’individuo per comportamenti morali e di cura degli altri. Il Capitolo 1 presenta una panoramica dei concetti e dei quadri teorici rilevanti. In questa parte, viene definito il concetto di continuità futura del Sé e di continuità collettiva e viene fornita una panoramica dei studi che hanno indagato gli effetti della continuità futura sul ragionamento e sulle decisioni morali. Nel Capitolo 2, sono descritti sette studi che hanno esaminato la relazione tra continuità futura del Sé e i fondamenti morali. Questi studi sono stati condotti con cinque obiettivi principali: indagare come la continuità futura del Sé si relaziona con i fondamenti morali (Studi 1-7); sviluppare e studiare gli effetti della manipolazione sperimentale della continuità futura del Sé sul supporto individuale ai fondamenti morali (Studi 2-3); esaminare il ruolo di mediazione dell'identità morale (Studi 4-6); disambiguare l’effetto della continuità futura del Sé sulla valorizzazione dei fondamenti morali da quello del framing temporale e da quello della focalizzazione sul Sè (Studi 5-6); generalizzare l'effetto della continuità futura del Sé al comportamento morale nella vita quotidiana (Studio 7). Il Capitolo 3 presenta i risultati di due studi volti a comprendere la struttura della continuità futura collettiva e la sua relazione con il comportamento prosociale. Questi studi miravano a: definire la struttura della continuità futura collettiva, presentare evidenze empiriche di una sua correlazione con credenze e giudizi più prosociali e meno pregiudizievoli nei confronti dell’outgroup (Studio 8); esplorare l'effetto di mediazione del senso di minaccia collettiva (Studio 9). Il Capitolo 4, si propone di discutere i risultati principali in chiave critica, di evidenziare i limiti della ricerca condotta e le sue implicazioni.
(2023). Striving for a moral future: future individual and collective continuity increases present-day moral considerations. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
Striving for a moral future: future individual and collective continuity increases present-day moral considerations
SIMIC, ANDREJ
2023
Abstract
For the future to affect our present, we must first hold it in high regard. Feeling a psychological connection is one way to view the future as important. Individuals experience temporal continuity when they perceive strong links between the present, past, and future. One can perceive temporal continuity on two levels of identity: the individual and the social. Self-continuity is the degree to which one believes they are the same person over time and is essential to one's self-esteem and well-being. Similarly, memories with positive moral content are perceived as more recent. Engaging in unethical behavior produces changes in memory so that memories of unethical actions gradually become less clear and vivid than memories of ethical actions while recalling past immoral behavior might evoke compensatory moral behavior in the present. Individuals can also be connected to their perceived ingroup's past or future. Collective continuity is the belief that the group's culture is trans-generationally transmitted through a coherent link between its important historical events. Because a strong social identity can result in different reactions to ingroup and outgroup members, collective continuity can affect group-level moral judgments and behaviors differently. For example, the perception of the ingroup's temporal coherence results in stronger inclinations to protect it and decreases tolerance for the outgroup members. While projecting oneself to past events is a strong motivator of present behavior, thinking about the future might also affect our current decisions. Specifically, individuals can imagine and think about future events and give varying levels of importance to their future selves or the future of their group entities. In this thesis, we are building on the present work regarding self- and collective continuity by examining how projections about our future individual and collective selves affect how we think about and understand right and wrong today. We aim to show how future self and collective continuity are related to present ethical judgments, decisions, and behavior. We explore the notion that the possibility of perceiving a clear psychological overlap between the (individual and social) selves over time might help shift from selfishness to openness and care for others. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the relevant theoretical concepts and frameworks. We define future self- and collective continuity and review studies regarding their effects on present moral behavior and deliberations. In Chapter 2, we describe seven studies that examined the relationship between future self-continuity and moral foundations. These studies had five primary aims: understand how future self-continuity relates to individualizing and binding moral foundations (Studies 1-7), develop and study the effects of a future self-continuity manipulation on moral foundations judgments (Studies 2-3), examine the mediational role of moral identity centrality (Studies 4-6), disentangling the effect of different temporal and self-framings on moral foundations concerns (Studies 5-6), and attempting to generalize the effect of future self-continuity to real-life moral behavior (Study 7). Chapter 3 covers the results of two studies interested in understanding the structure of collective future continuity and its relationship to outgroup prosocial behavior. Specifically, these studies aimed to: define the structure of collective future continuity, present preliminary correlational evidence on its effect on prosocial beliefs and judgments (Study 8) and normative expectations, and explore the mediation effect of collective angst (Study 9). Chapter 4 concludes, discusses our findings, and reflects upon the limitations, implications, and future directions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Striving for a moral future: future individual and collective continuity increases present-day moral considerations
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Doctoral thesis
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