Despite the striking advances in the treatment of paediatric B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (B-ALL), the prognosis for relapsed/refractory (r/r) patients remains dismal. Increasing evidence indicates that treatment failure could be linked to the protective leukemic bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. B-ALL cells, indeed, re-shape the surrounding microenvironment, hijacking key signalling pathways within the niche and reprogramming the immune compartment to become leukaemia-supportive. To investigate new altered cellular targets within the B-ALL niche we focused on the monocyte/macrophage compartment and on its potential involvement in disease pathogenesis. We demonstrated that CD68-expressing macrophages were increased in leukemic BM biopsies, compared to controls, and predominantly expressed the M2-like markers CD163 and CD206. Furthermore, the "non-classical" CD14+ CD16++ monocyte subset, was significantly increased in B-ALL patients' peripheral blood. The high CX3CL1, CCL2 and C5a levels observed in the BM plasma as an effect of B-ALL microenvironment remodelling, could represent altered molecular pathways guiding monocyte recruitment into the BM and M2-type macrophage polarization. To investigate whether interfering with leukaemia-niche crosstalk could improve disease management, we evaluated the efficacy of pharmacological blockade of the pro-leukemic soluble factor Activin A in a B-ALL mouse model. Activin A blocking was achieved using RAP-011, a chimeric protein obtained from the fusion of the extracellular domain of ActRIIA receptor to the Fc portion of murine IgG. Interestingly, the sole administration of RAP-011 significantly improved the survival of leukemic mice and reduced the leukemic burden in the BM and extramedullary sites. Themost remarkable result was obtained in the spleen, were where the sole administration of RAP-011 was sufficient to eliminate almost completely all the leukemic infiltrate. These results were further confirmed in a patient-derived xenograft. Also in this case, we observed an impressive reduction of the net number of leukemic cells infiltrating the spleen. To understand whether niche targeting by means of Activin A trapping could improve standard chemotherapy, we combined RAP-011 with Dexamethasone. The combination treatment significantly prolonged the survival of the mice and reduced the engraftment in all organs. Importantly, the two drugs produced a synergistic effect in the BM and meninges, setting the rationale for the development of new treatment strategies directed against the BM niche to improve the therapeutic efficacy of currently used drugs. Finally, we demonstrated that Activin A exerts an anti-apoptotic effect on selected subtypes of B-ALL cells by modulating the expression of BCL-2, BAX and BAK and by reducing ROS production in response to Dexamethasone treatment. Overall, we demonstrated that niche targeting by means of Activin A trapping could be a promising strategy to be used in combination with standard chemotherapy for the treatment of B-ALL. Furthermore, we identified deregulated monocyte/macrophage compartments and recruitment pathways as additional valuable targets for novel treatments to be coupled with classical chemotherapy.

Nonostante gli straordinari progressi nel trattamento della leucemia linfoblastica acuta a cellule B (LLA-B) pediatrica, la prognosi per i pazienti recidivati/refrattari (r/r) rimane infausta. Sempre più evidenze indicano che il fallimento terapeutico potrebbe essere legato al microambiente protettivo che si viene a creare nel midollo osseo leucemico. Le cellule leucemiche, infatti, sono in grado di rimodellare il microambiente circostante, alterando vie di segnalazione chiave all'interno della nicchia e riprogrammando il comparto immunitario in modo da favorire la progressione della malattia. Per identificare nuovi target cellulari alterati all'interno della nicchia di LLA-B, abbiamo studiato a fondo il compartimento dei monociti/macrofagi e il suo potenziale coinvolgimento nella patogenesi della malattia. Abbiamo dimostrato che i macrofagi che esprimono CD68 sono aumentati nelle biopsie midollari dei pazienti leucemici, rispetto ai controlli sani ed esprimono prevalentemente i marcatori M2-like CD163 e CD206. Inoltre, il sottogruppo dei monociti "non classici" CD14+ CD16++ è risultato significativamente aumentato nel sangue periferico dei pazienti con LLA-B. Gli elevati livelli di CX3CL1, CCL2 e C5a osservati nel plasma midollare come effetto del rimodellamento del microambiente leucemico, potrebbero costituire delle vie molecolari alterate che guidano il reclutamento dei monociti nel midollo dove poi differenziano e polarizzanoin macrofagi di tipo M2. Per verificare se interferire con il crosstalkfra cellula leucemica e nicchia midollare possa migliorare la gestione della malattia, abbiamo valutato l'efficacia del blocco farmacologico del fattore solubile pro-leucemico Attivina A in un modello murino di LLA. L’azione di Attivina A è stata bloccata utilizzando RAP-011, una proteina chimerica ottenuta dalla fusione del dominio extracellulare del recettore ActRIIA con la porzione Fc delle IgG murine. È interessante notare che la sola somministrazione di RAP-011 ha migliorato significativamente la sopravvivenza dei topi leucemici e ha ridotto il carico leucemico nel BM e nei siti extra midollari. Per capire se il targeting della nicchia mediante il sequestro diAttivina A possa migliorare la chemioterapia standard, abbiamo combinato RAP-011 con il desametasone, un farmaco di prima linea nel trattamento della LLA-B. Il trattamento combinato ha prolungato significativamente la sopravvivenza dei topi e ha ridotto l’infiltrato leucemico in tutti gli organi analizzati. È importante notare che i due farmaci hanno prodotto un effetto sinergico nel midollo e nelle meningi, ponendo le basi per lo sviluppo di nuovi trattamenti dirette contro la nicchia midollare per migliorare l'efficacia terapeutica dei farmaci attualmente utilizzati. Infine, abbiamo dimostrato che Attivina A esercita un effetto anti-apoptotico su particolari sottotipi di cellule di LLA-B modulando l'espressione di BCL-2, BAX e BAK e riducendo la produzione di ROS in risposta al trattamento con desametasone. Complessivamente, abbiamo dimostrato che il targeting della nicchia leucemica mediante il sequestro di Attivina A potrebbe essere una strategia promettente da utilizzare in combinazione con la chemioterapia standard per il trattamento delle LLA-B. Inoltre, abbiamo identificato l’asse monociti/macrofagi come compartimento deregolato nella LLA-B e le vie che ne guidano il reclutamento come ulteriori bersagli preziosi per lo sviluppo di nuovi trattamenti da abbinare alla chemioterapia classica.

(2023). Identification and targeting of novel molecular and cellular pathways within the altered bone marrow B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia niche to improve disease management. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).

Identification and targeting of novel molecular and cellular pathways within the altered bone marrow B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia niche to improve disease management

FALLATI, ALESSANDRA
2023

Abstract

Despite the striking advances in the treatment of paediatric B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (B-ALL), the prognosis for relapsed/refractory (r/r) patients remains dismal. Increasing evidence indicates that treatment failure could be linked to the protective leukemic bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. B-ALL cells, indeed, re-shape the surrounding microenvironment, hijacking key signalling pathways within the niche and reprogramming the immune compartment to become leukaemia-supportive. To investigate new altered cellular targets within the B-ALL niche we focused on the monocyte/macrophage compartment and on its potential involvement in disease pathogenesis. We demonstrated that CD68-expressing macrophages were increased in leukemic BM biopsies, compared to controls, and predominantly expressed the M2-like markers CD163 and CD206. Furthermore, the "non-classical" CD14+ CD16++ monocyte subset, was significantly increased in B-ALL patients' peripheral blood. The high CX3CL1, CCL2 and C5a levels observed in the BM plasma as an effect of B-ALL microenvironment remodelling, could represent altered molecular pathways guiding monocyte recruitment into the BM and M2-type macrophage polarization. To investigate whether interfering with leukaemia-niche crosstalk could improve disease management, we evaluated the efficacy of pharmacological blockade of the pro-leukemic soluble factor Activin A in a B-ALL mouse model. Activin A blocking was achieved using RAP-011, a chimeric protein obtained from the fusion of the extracellular domain of ActRIIA receptor to the Fc portion of murine IgG. Interestingly, the sole administration of RAP-011 significantly improved the survival of leukemic mice and reduced the leukemic burden in the BM and extramedullary sites. Themost remarkable result was obtained in the spleen, were where the sole administration of RAP-011 was sufficient to eliminate almost completely all the leukemic infiltrate. These results were further confirmed in a patient-derived xenograft. Also in this case, we observed an impressive reduction of the net number of leukemic cells infiltrating the spleen. To understand whether niche targeting by means of Activin A trapping could improve standard chemotherapy, we combined RAP-011 with Dexamethasone. The combination treatment significantly prolonged the survival of the mice and reduced the engraftment in all organs. Importantly, the two drugs produced a synergistic effect in the BM and meninges, setting the rationale for the development of new treatment strategies directed against the BM niche to improve the therapeutic efficacy of currently used drugs. Finally, we demonstrated that Activin A exerts an anti-apoptotic effect on selected subtypes of B-ALL cells by modulating the expression of BCL-2, BAX and BAK and by reducing ROS production in response to Dexamethasone treatment. Overall, we demonstrated that niche targeting by means of Activin A trapping could be a promising strategy to be used in combination with standard chemotherapy for the treatment of B-ALL. Furthermore, we identified deregulated monocyte/macrophage compartments and recruitment pathways as additional valuable targets for novel treatments to be coupled with classical chemotherapy.
BIONDI, ANDREA
DANDER, ERICA
D'AMICO, GIOVANNA
Microambiente; LLA-B; ActivinA; Macrofagi; Terapia
Microambiente; B-ALL; ActivinA; Macrophages; Targeted-therapy
MED/15 - MALATTIE DEL SANGUE
English
18-apr-2023
MEDICINA TRASLAZIONALE E MOLECOLARE - DIMET
35
2021/2022
embargoed_20260418
(2023). Identification and targeting of novel molecular and cellular pathways within the altered bone marrow B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia niche to improve disease management. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/413095
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