Introduction Risk-based treatment is curative for 85% of children with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), however relapse remains a leading cause of mortality. Thus, the need of novel molecular targets is urgent to reduce treatment toxicity and increase the efficacy of new therapeutic agents. Among BCP-ALL patients, there is the quite new subgroup of the ‘Philadelphia-like’, considered as high risk due to the high incidence of relapses. Among these molecular subgroup, JAK/STAT pathway alterations represent 7% of the cases. JAK2 encodes for a non-receptor tyrosine kinase fundamental for hematopoiesis, survival and proliferation of cells. JAK2 mutations have been widely studied in leukemia, while its fusions are still poorly characterized. Moreover, PAX5 alterations characterize the 30% of BCP-ALL cases. PAX5, which encodes for a B-cell related transcription factor, is a very promiscuous gene, frequently target of deletions and translocations with several partners, forming aberrant proteins of fusion, like the JAK2 gene. Aim The aim of the project is the development of a targeted preclinical strategy for PAX5 and JAK2 rearrangements in high-risk subgroups of pediatric BCP-ALL patients to define a personalized medicine based on PAX5r and JAK2r functional characterization. Results The identification of novel JAK2 and PAX5 rearrangements (JAK2r and PAX5r) in pediatric ALL patients’ samples by NGS was the starting point to perform in-vivo xenotransplantation experiments and ex-vivo drug screening, when diagnosis material was available, setting up a Patient-Derived Xenograft (PDX). Three JAK2r cases were ex-vivo targeted with CHZ868, a type II TKI, which showed significant efficacy in monotherapy at 100-fold lower than ruxolitinib (270-320nM vs 30-40uM), proving also downregulate JAK2/STAT pathway up to 48h. It had a synergistic effect with ruxolitinib on all 3 patients, as well with BIBF1120, a kinase inhibitor on PAX5::JAK2 blasts, downregulating also AKT pathway. Moreover, the in-vivo treatment of PDX mice with blasts carrying JAK2 fusions reduced the % of CD10-CD19+ blasts in hematopoietic organs. PAX5 rearrangements have been found not only in pediatric ALL, but also in infant patients germline for KMT2A/MLL (NGS analysis). PAX5r were sensitive to BIBF1120 treatment, in monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy drugs, both in ex-vivo and in-vivo, with significant reduction of leukemic cells and downregulation of PI3K-AKT pathway effectors, downstream LCK. Moreover, subpopulations from HSC to mature B cells were analyzed at single cell level by CyTOF, observing different blockade of maturation depending on the fusion and on the partner gene involved in the fusion, using BM cells expanded in PDX model. PAX5r and JAK2r were characterized by peculiar protein expressions, at basal level, and changes in protein expression after dasatinib treatment , such as in phosphoproteins and PAX5 and JAK2 targets. Moreover, at metabolic level, we found increased markers of glycolysis among the others, sustaining blasts survival. Further, a wide drug screening of 174 FDA-approved drugs was also applied on both JAK2r and PAX5r PDXs, leading to the identification of the most specific and effective drugs in these fusions that could be used in future preclinical validations. Conclusion In this study the functional and metabolic characterization of PAX5 and JAK2 rearrangements in pediatric BCP-ALL led to the discovery of promising candidates to be considered for the treatment of PAX5 or JAK2 rearrangements, as CHZ868 for JAK2 and BIBF1120 for PAX5r, among the others, which showed high efficacy and specificity on their targets. In the future they could lead the development of a targeted therapy for high-risk pediatric BCP-ALL carrying those fusions.

Il trattamento basato sul rischio è curativo per l'85% dei bambini con leucemia linfoblastica acuta a cellule B (B-LLA), tuttavia la recidiva rimane una delle principali cause di mortalità. Urgente è la necessità di nuovi bersagli molecolari per ridurre la tossicità del trattamento e aumentare l'efficacia di nuovi agenti terapeutici. Tra i pazienti B-LLA, c'è il nuovo sottogruppo dei "Philadelphia-like", ad alto rischio a causa dell'elevata incidenza di recidive ad alterazioni del pathway JAK/STAT nel 7% dei casi. JAK2 codifica per una tirosina chinasi non recettoriale fondamentale per l'ematopoiesi. Le mutazioni di JAK2 sono state ampiamente studiate nella leucemia, mentre le sue fusioni sono ancora scarsamente caratterizzate. Inoltre, le alterazioni di PAX5 caratterizzano il 30% dei casi B-LLA. PAX5, che codifica per un fattore di trascrizione correlato alle cellule B, è un gene molto promiscuo, bersaglio di delezioni e traslocazioni con diversi partner, formando proteine di fusione aberranti, come il gene JAK2. Lo scopo del progetto è lo sviluppo di una strategia preclinica mirata per i riarrangiamenti di PAX5 e JAK2 (PAX5r e JAK2r) in sottogruppi ad alto rischio di pazienti pediatrici di B-LLA. L'identificazione di nuove fusioni di JAK2 e PAX5 in campioni di pazienti pediatrici con LLA mediante NGS è stato il punto di partenza per eseguire esperimenti di xenotrapianto in vivo e screening di farmaci ex-vivo, quando era disponibile materiale diagnostico, creando xenotrapianti derivati da paziente(PDX). 3 casi di JAK2r sono stati trattati ex-vivo con CHZ868, inibitore tirosin chinasico di tipo II, che ha mostrato un'efficacia significativa in monoterapia con valori 100 volte inferiore rispetto a ruxolitinib (270-320nM vs 30-40uM), dimostrando anche una inibizione del pathway JAK2/STAT fino a 48 ore. Ha avuto un effetto sinergico con ruxolitinib su tutti e 3 i pazienti, così come con BIBF1120, un inibitore chinasico, sui blasti con fusione PAX5::JAK2, inibendo anche la via di AKT. Inoltre, il trattamento in vivo di topi precedentemente trapiantati con blasti recanti JAK2r ha ridotto la percentuale di blasti CD10-CD19+ negli organi ematopoietici. PAX5r sono stati trovati non solo nella LLA pediatrica, ma anche nella linea germinale dei pazienti infant per KMT2A/MLL (analisi NGS). Fusioni di PAX5 erano sensibili al trattamento con BIBF1120, in monoterapia e in combinazione con farmaci chemioterapici, sia ex-vivo che in vivo, con significativa riduzione delle cellule leucemiche e inibizione degli effettori della via PI3K-AKT, a valle di LCK. Inoltre, le sottopopolazioni delle cellule B, da HSC a cellule B mature, sono state analizzate a livello di singola cellula mediante CyTOF, osservando blocchi di maturazione in base alla fusione e al gene partner coinvolto nella fusione, utilizzando cellule di midollo osseo espanse nel modello PDX. PAX5r e JAK2r hanno mostrato un’espressione peculiare di proteine, a livello basale, e modifiche nell’espressione a seguito di trattamento con dasatinib, come nelle fosfoproteine e nei target di PAX5 e JAK2. Inoltre, a livello metabolico, abbiamo riscontrato un aumento dei marcatori di glicolisi tra gli altri, che sostengono la sopravvivenza dei blasti. E’ stato applicato un ampio screening farmacologico di 174 farmaci approvati dalla FDA su cellule da PDXs con fusioni di PAX5 e JAK2, identificando i farmaci più specifici ed efficaci in queste fusioni che potrebbero essere utilizzati nelle future validazioni precliniche. In questo studio la caratterizzazione funzionale e metabolica dei riarrangiamenti di PAX5 e JAK2 nella B-LLA pediatrica ha portato alla scoperta di candidati da considerare per il trattamento delle fusioni di PAX5 o JAK2, come CHZ868 per JAK2 e BIBF1120 per PAX5, con alta efficacia e specificità sui loro target. In futuro potrebbero guidare lo sviluppo di una terapia mirata per la B-LLA pediatrica ad alto rischio definita da tali fusioni

(2023). Targeting JAK2 and PAX5 rearrangements in a preclinical model of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).

Targeting JAK2 and PAX5 rearrangements in a preclinical model of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

QUADRI, MANUEL
2023

Abstract

Introduction Risk-based treatment is curative for 85% of children with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), however relapse remains a leading cause of mortality. Thus, the need of novel molecular targets is urgent to reduce treatment toxicity and increase the efficacy of new therapeutic agents. Among BCP-ALL patients, there is the quite new subgroup of the ‘Philadelphia-like’, considered as high risk due to the high incidence of relapses. Among these molecular subgroup, JAK/STAT pathway alterations represent 7% of the cases. JAK2 encodes for a non-receptor tyrosine kinase fundamental for hematopoiesis, survival and proliferation of cells. JAK2 mutations have been widely studied in leukemia, while its fusions are still poorly characterized. Moreover, PAX5 alterations characterize the 30% of BCP-ALL cases. PAX5, which encodes for a B-cell related transcription factor, is a very promiscuous gene, frequently target of deletions and translocations with several partners, forming aberrant proteins of fusion, like the JAK2 gene. Aim The aim of the project is the development of a targeted preclinical strategy for PAX5 and JAK2 rearrangements in high-risk subgroups of pediatric BCP-ALL patients to define a personalized medicine based on PAX5r and JAK2r functional characterization. Results The identification of novel JAK2 and PAX5 rearrangements (JAK2r and PAX5r) in pediatric ALL patients’ samples by NGS was the starting point to perform in-vivo xenotransplantation experiments and ex-vivo drug screening, when diagnosis material was available, setting up a Patient-Derived Xenograft (PDX). Three JAK2r cases were ex-vivo targeted with CHZ868, a type II TKI, which showed significant efficacy in monotherapy at 100-fold lower than ruxolitinib (270-320nM vs 30-40uM), proving also downregulate JAK2/STAT pathway up to 48h. It had a synergistic effect with ruxolitinib on all 3 patients, as well with BIBF1120, a kinase inhibitor on PAX5::JAK2 blasts, downregulating also AKT pathway. Moreover, the in-vivo treatment of PDX mice with blasts carrying JAK2 fusions reduced the % of CD10-CD19+ blasts in hematopoietic organs. PAX5 rearrangements have been found not only in pediatric ALL, but also in infant patients germline for KMT2A/MLL (NGS analysis). PAX5r were sensitive to BIBF1120 treatment, in monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy drugs, both in ex-vivo and in-vivo, with significant reduction of leukemic cells and downregulation of PI3K-AKT pathway effectors, downstream LCK. Moreover, subpopulations from HSC to mature B cells were analyzed at single cell level by CyTOF, observing different blockade of maturation depending on the fusion and on the partner gene involved in the fusion, using BM cells expanded in PDX model. PAX5r and JAK2r were characterized by peculiar protein expressions, at basal level, and changes in protein expression after dasatinib treatment , such as in phosphoproteins and PAX5 and JAK2 targets. Moreover, at metabolic level, we found increased markers of glycolysis among the others, sustaining blasts survival. Further, a wide drug screening of 174 FDA-approved drugs was also applied on both JAK2r and PAX5r PDXs, leading to the identification of the most specific and effective drugs in these fusions that could be used in future preclinical validations. Conclusion In this study the functional and metabolic characterization of PAX5 and JAK2 rearrangements in pediatric BCP-ALL led to the discovery of promising candidates to be considered for the treatment of PAX5 or JAK2 rearrangements, as CHZ868 for JAK2 and BIBF1120 for PAX5r, among the others, which showed high efficacy and specificity on their targets. In the future they could lead the development of a targeted therapy for high-risk pediatric BCP-ALL carrying those fusions.
CAZZANIGA, GIOVANNI
FAZIO, GRAZIA
JAK2; PAX5; farmaci; B-LLA; pediatrica
JAK2; PAX5; drugs; B-ALL; childhood
MED/03 - GENETICA MEDICA
English
18-apr-2023
MEDICINA TRASLAZIONALE E MOLECOLARE - DIMET
35
2021/2022
open
(2023). Targeting JAK2 and PAX5 rearrangements in a preclinical model of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/412781
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