Dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes are innate immune cells involved in recognising pathogens or damage-associated molecules, triggering adaptive immune responses, and maintaining homeostatic conditions. DCs and monocytes are collectively referred to as Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) cells, and their origin and development in humans still need elucidating. Lineage-determining cytokine receptors (LDCRs) are growth factors with a pivotal role in haematopoietic cell differentiation and survival. These receptors are retained on mature cell surface, suggesting an active role after differentiation. Here, the link between DCs and monocytes at a developmental level was assessed at steady state using CSF1R, a LDCR previously known as expressed only on macrophages, but now proved to be on all cells of the MPS. The MPS was further studied across multiple diseases, to assess its development or effector state. DCs and monocytes were assessed in two distinct anti-malarial vaccine challenges. Both vaccines targeted the same blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum antigen apical membrane protein 1 (AMA1), involved in erythrocyte invasion by malaria. One vaccine formulation was based on a prime-boost viral delivery of the antigen, while the other vaccine consisted of the recombinant protein administered with a liposome-based adjuvant system. The MPS was greatly affected and reshaped, with cell fluctuations in percentages depending on the vaccine formulation. The viral-vectored vaccine also seemed to activate cells more effectively compared to the protein vaccine. LDCR and surface marker expression in CSF1R+ cells was also affected by the different vaccine vector components. DCs also play a role in infectious diseases. In the global pandemic of COVID-19, understanding how the MPS is modulated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus was crucial, especially for elderly people and individuals with underlying conditions. Two South African COVID patients’ cohorts were investigated, where HIV and Tb coinfections, steroid treatment, and other comorbidities where present. There was a direct variant-dependent impact of COVID-19 on the MPS. In COVID-19 patients, there was a decrease in circulating CSF1R+ MPS cells, enhanced by the presence of certain comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes. Aside from underlying conditions, one of the causes of poor prognosis is a phenomenon called cytokine storm and it is linked to the MPS cells. The elevated levels of circulating cytokines released by the MPS cells interact with the complement and coagulation systems to induce coagulation, respiratory and multi-organ failure. Therefore, DCs and monocyte ability to activate their NLRP3 inflammasome and release pro-inflammatory cytokines was investigated. The CD14+ monocytic compartment and DCs were able to respond to NLRP3 activating stimuli by releasing interleukin 1 β and undergoing cell death, signs of activation of an inflammasome pathway. Finally, the role of DCs and monocytes was investigated in the context of another pathological setting, with the comparison of two different types of tumours that usually display different immune infiltrated. The first tumour, lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), is conventionally referred to as “hot” or immune infiltrated tumour, while the second, colorectal cancer (CRC), as “cold” or immune excluded. The comparison between these two tumours was pursuit using public single-cell RNA sequencing datasets. Different expression of CSF1R and CSF2R were noted across tumoral tissues, and a specific type of DCs recently discovered and poorly characterised at functional level displayed opposite behaviour, accumulating in LUAD but not in CRC. For this DC subset, a putative tolerogenic role was proposed that would need to be validated with functional studies. This work underlined the importance of investigating the involvement of CSF1R+ MPS cells in health and diseases and provided a pan-MPS marker for human studies.

Le cellule dendritiche (DC) e i monociti sono cellule immunitarie innate coinvolte nel riconoscimento di patogeni e molecole associate a danno, nello scatenare l’immunità adattativa e nel mantenimento dell’omeostasi. Queste cellule sono collettivamente chiamate cellule del sistema fagocitico mononucleare (MPS), e la loro origine ed il loro sviluppo nell’uomo richiedono ancora studio. I recettori delle citochine determinanti l’origine (LDCR) sono fattori di crescita con importante ruolo nel differenziamento e nella sopravvivenza delle cellule ematopoietiche. Questi recettori sono presenti anche su cellule mature, suggerendone un ruolo post-differenziamento. Il legame tra DC e monociti è stato qui dimostrato usando CSF1R, un LDCR conosciuto in precedenza come espresso solo su macrofagi, ma ora caratterizzato anche su tutte le cellule del MPS. Il MPS c’è stato analizzato in diversi contesti patologici, per caratterizzarne lo stato di sviluppo e attivazione. Le DC e i monociti sono stati studiati in due diversi vaccini antimalarici. Entrambi i vaccini contengono lo stesso antigene del Plasmodium falciparum, la proteina AMA1. Uno dei vaccini si basa su vettori virali, mentre l’altro contiene la proteina ricombinante somministrata con un adiuvante lipidico. Il MPS è risultato modulato, con percentuali di cellule diverse a seconda del vaccino somministrato. Inoltre, il vaccino a vettore virale ha causato una maggiore attivazione delle cellule rispetto al vaccino proteico. L’espressione di LDCR e proteine di superficie nelle cellule CSF1R+ è stata modificata in maniera dipendente dalla formulazione dei vaccini. Le DC hanno un importante ruolo anche nelle malattie infettive. Nella pandemia globale di COVID-19, capire come il MPS è modulato dal virus SARS-CoV-2 era cruciale, specialmente per gli anziani e le persone con patologie pre-esistenti. Due gruppi di pazienti COVID del Sud Africa sono stati studiati, ed erano presenti coinfezioni da HIV e tubercolosi, trattamento con steroidi e altre comorbidità. Un impatto sulle cellule specifico della variante virale è stato individuato. Nei pazienti COVID+, c’è stata una diminuzione di cellule CSF1R+ circolanti esacerbata da condizioni come l’ipertensione e il diabete. Un’altra causa di mortalità oltre a patologie pre-esistenti è la “tempesta citochinica”, dove l’alto livello di citochine circolanti, rilasciate dalle cellule del MPS, interagendo con il complemento ed il sistema di coagulazione porta a coagulazione sanguigna, crisi respiratoria e insufficienza multiorgano. Per questo, la capacità di DC e monociti di attivare il proprio inflammasoma e quindi produrre citochine infiammatorie è stata testata. Il compartimento CD14+ dei monociti e le DC hanno risposto agli stimoli per l’attivazione dell’inflammosoma rilasciando interleuchina 1 β ed attivando un meccanismo specifico di morte cellulare, segnali di attivazione dell’inflammosoma. Infine, il ruolo di DC e monociti è stato valutato nel contesto dei tumori, con un confronto, eseguito con dati di single-cell RNA sequencing pubblici, tra due tipi di cancro con due diversi infiltrati immunitari. Il primo, adenocarcinoma del polmone (LUAD), è solitamente definito come tumore “caldo” o infiltrato da cellule immunitarie, mentre il secondo, carcinoma del colon-retto (CRC), è solitamente definito come tumore “freddo”, senza importante infiltrato immunitario. CSF1R e CSF2R erano espressi in maniera diversa tra tumori, e un tipo di DC recentemente scoperto e ancora poco caratterizzato a livello funzionale ha avuto comportamento opposto tra i due tumori, accumulandosi in LUAD ma non in CRC. Per questo gruppo di DC, è stato proposto in questo lavoro un ruolo tollerogenico che necessita di validazione con studi funzionali.

(2023). Characterisation of the myeloid CSF1R+ dendritic cell subsets and monocytes in health and disease. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).

Characterisation of the myeloid CSF1R+ dendritic cell subsets and monocytes in health and disease

ORSENIGO, FEDERICA
2023

Abstract

Dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes are innate immune cells involved in recognising pathogens or damage-associated molecules, triggering adaptive immune responses, and maintaining homeostatic conditions. DCs and monocytes are collectively referred to as Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) cells, and their origin and development in humans still need elucidating. Lineage-determining cytokine receptors (LDCRs) are growth factors with a pivotal role in haematopoietic cell differentiation and survival. These receptors are retained on mature cell surface, suggesting an active role after differentiation. Here, the link between DCs and monocytes at a developmental level was assessed at steady state using CSF1R, a LDCR previously known as expressed only on macrophages, but now proved to be on all cells of the MPS. The MPS was further studied across multiple diseases, to assess its development or effector state. DCs and monocytes were assessed in two distinct anti-malarial vaccine challenges. Both vaccines targeted the same blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum antigen apical membrane protein 1 (AMA1), involved in erythrocyte invasion by malaria. One vaccine formulation was based on a prime-boost viral delivery of the antigen, while the other vaccine consisted of the recombinant protein administered with a liposome-based adjuvant system. The MPS was greatly affected and reshaped, with cell fluctuations in percentages depending on the vaccine formulation. The viral-vectored vaccine also seemed to activate cells more effectively compared to the protein vaccine. LDCR and surface marker expression in CSF1R+ cells was also affected by the different vaccine vector components. DCs also play a role in infectious diseases. In the global pandemic of COVID-19, understanding how the MPS is modulated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus was crucial, especially for elderly people and individuals with underlying conditions. Two South African COVID patients’ cohorts were investigated, where HIV and Tb coinfections, steroid treatment, and other comorbidities where present. There was a direct variant-dependent impact of COVID-19 on the MPS. In COVID-19 patients, there was a decrease in circulating CSF1R+ MPS cells, enhanced by the presence of certain comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes. Aside from underlying conditions, one of the causes of poor prognosis is a phenomenon called cytokine storm and it is linked to the MPS cells. The elevated levels of circulating cytokines released by the MPS cells interact with the complement and coagulation systems to induce coagulation, respiratory and multi-organ failure. Therefore, DCs and monocyte ability to activate their NLRP3 inflammasome and release pro-inflammatory cytokines was investigated. The CD14+ monocytic compartment and DCs were able to respond to NLRP3 activating stimuli by releasing interleukin 1 β and undergoing cell death, signs of activation of an inflammasome pathway. Finally, the role of DCs and monocytes was investigated in the context of another pathological setting, with the comparison of two different types of tumours that usually display different immune infiltrated. The first tumour, lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), is conventionally referred to as “hot” or immune infiltrated tumour, while the second, colorectal cancer (CRC), as “cold” or immune excluded. The comparison between these two tumours was pursuit using public single-cell RNA sequencing datasets. Different expression of CSF1R and CSF2R were noted across tumoral tissues, and a specific type of DCs recently discovered and poorly characterised at functional level displayed opposite behaviour, accumulating in LUAD but not in CRC. For this DC subset, a putative tolerogenic role was proposed that would need to be validated with functional studies. This work underlined the importance of investigating the involvement of CSF1R+ MPS cells in health and diseases and provided a pan-MPS marker for human studies.
GRANUCCI, FRANCESCA
MARTINEZ ESTRADA, FERNANDO
dendritic cells; monocytes; MPS; CSF1R; human
dendritic cells; monocytes; MPS; CSF1R; human
MED/04 - PATOLOGIA GENERALE
English
23-feb-2023
MEDICINA TRASLAZIONALE E MOLECOLARE - DIMET
35
2021/2022
embargoed_20260223
(2023). Characterisation of the myeloid CSF1R+ dendritic cell subsets and monocytes in health and disease. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/404675
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