OJECTIVES. In its evolution, Parkinson's disease shows a progressive loss of both motor and cognitive functions (particularly of the executive and attentional domains). In normal clinical practice, clinometric scales are available for assessing these aspects. For motor aspects alone, there are electronic instruments that provide information on gait characteristics. Several studies consistently demonstrate evidence of the involvement of gait in the impairment of executive functions. The aim of the present work is to analyse motor and cognitive changes during one year of observation in a homogeneous sample of patients with Parkinson's disease. In addition, the use of a commercial electronic device (G-Walk) to study gait will aim to investigate its reliability in clinical practice. MATERIALS. We used standardised clinical scales to assess motor (H&Y, UPDRS-III), cognitive (MMSE, MoCA, FAB), psychiatric (BDI-II, BAI) and non-motor symptoms (RBD Screening Questionnaire, Hyposmia Rating Scale) of patients with Parkinson's disease. Other factors were also taken into account: levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), quality of life (PDQ-8), motility (IPAQ-SF), fall risk (Tinetti's scale, Berg's scale ,short-Falls Efficacy Scale). The motor aspects related to walking are otherwise described through the use of a medical device (G-Walk®) worn around the waist by patients during the performance of two standardised walking tests (6MWT - six minute walking test; eTUG - Timed Up and Go in its 10 metre version). METHODS. This was an observational study conducted on 24 patients with Parkinson's disease, to be fully evaluated at enrolment and one year later. Inclusion criteria: diagnosis of idiopathic PD; H&Y between 2-3; age between 55-74 years. Exclusion criteria considered dementia and those clinical conditions that may limit locomotor abilities or cardiopulmonary endurance (assessed with the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale). RESULTS. We enrolled 24 patients (M/F ratio 15/9), with a mean age of 65.1±5.4 years, equally distributed by clinical presentation (rigid-akinetic/tremor 11/13), mainly in H&Y stage 2 of the disease (83.3%). The study completed the first year of observation on all patients. Incongruent changes with the degenerative aspect of the disease were observed as the clinical motor characteristics showed an average improvement on the UPDRS-III scale (23.75  16.96). In the 6MWT, mean stride length (1.43 --> 1.36 m) and mean speed (1.42 --> 1.36 m/s) showed a decreasing trend. In the eTUG, a progressive average slowdown in test execution (17.92 --> 18.63 s) and turning time (2.08 --> 2.19 s) was observed. The cognitive tests also showed a slight worsening variation at one year. Another motor data analysis algorithm, developed at the Laboratory of Movement Analysis (LMAM) of the University of Lausanne (EPFL), was also used experimentally. Using this algorithm, it was also possible to derive gait parameters (speed, stride length, cadence) for the eTUG test. By means of statistical analysis, the motor data obtained with the G-Studio software algorithm (developed by the manufacturer of the G-Walk, BTS Bioengineering spa) were found to be correlated and in concordance with those processed by LMAM-algo, with the sole exception of the turning time calculation. DISCUSSION. The clinical motor variations observed confirm that the clinical scales are useful for a timely assessment of patients, but do not allow a true assessment of disease progression. These clinical fluctuations known in Parkinson's disease on average are a function of dopaminergic therapy (on average increased during the first year of observation) and the very type of scales used, which do not allow a balanced assessment for axial aspects of disease (including walking ability). The latter appear to be well assessed by the use of the motion sensor.

OBIETTIVI. Nella sua evoluzione, la malattia di Parkinson mostra una perdita progressiva sia delle funzioni motorie che di quelle cognitive. Nella normale pratica clinica sono a disposizione scale clinometriche per la valutazione di tali aspetti. Diversi studi dimostrano con coerenza l'evidenza del coinvolgimento dell'andatura nella compromissione delle funzioni esecutive. Il presente lavoro si prefigge di analizzare le variazioni motorie e cognitive durante un anno di osservazione in un campione omogeneo di pazienti affetti da malattia di Parkinson. Inoltre, l’utilizzo di un dispositivo elettronico commerciale (G-Walk) per lo studio del cammino, avrà lo scopo di indagarne l’affidabilità nella pratica clinica. MATERIALI. Abbiamo utilizzato scale cliniche standardizzate per valutare i sintomi motori (H&Y, UPDRS-III), cognitivi (MMSE, MoCA, FAB), psichiatrici (BDI-II, BAI) e non motori (RBD Screening Questionnaire, Hyposmia Rating Scale) dei pazienti con malattia di Parkinson. Sono stati presi in considerazione anche altri fattori: dose giornaliera equivalente di levodopa (LEDD), qualità della vita (PDQ-8), motricità (IPAQ-SF), rischio di caduta (scala di Tinetti, scala di Berg ,short-Falls Efficacy Scale). Gli aspetti motori legati alla deambulazione sono altrimenti descritti attraverso l'uso di un dispositivo medico (G-Walk®) indossato in vita dai pazienti durante l'esecuzione di due test di deambulazione standardizzati (eTUG e 6MWT). METODI. Si tratta di uno studio osservazionale condotto su 24 pazienti con malattia di Parkinson, da valutare in modo completo all’arruolamento e ad un anno di distanza. Criteri di inclusione: diagnosi di PD idiopatico; H&Y 2-3; età 55-74 anni. I criteri di esclusione considerano la demenza e quelle condizioni cliniche che possono limitare le capacità locomotorie o la resistenza cardio-polmonare (valutate con la CIRS). RISULTATI. Abbiamo arruolato 24 pazienti (rapporto M/F 15/9), con un'età media di 65,1±5,4 anni, equamente distribuiti per presentazione clinica (rigida-akinetica/tremori 11/13), principalmente nella fase H&Y 2 della malattia (83,3%). Lo studio ha completato il primo anno di osservazione su tutti i pazienti. Sono stati osservati cambiamenti incongruenti con l’aspetto degenerativo della malattia in quanto le caratteristiche cliniche motorie hanno mostrato un miglioramento medio della scala di UPDRS-III. Nel 6MWT, la lunghezza media del passo e la velocità media hanno mostrato invece una tendenza alla diminuzione. Nel eTUG si è osservato un progressivo rallentamento medio nell’esecuzione della prova e nel tempo di turning. Anche i test cognitivi hanno dimostrato una lieve variazione peggiorativa ad un anno. È stato inoltre utilizzato sperimentalmente un altro algoritmo di analisi dei dati motori, sviluppato presso il laboratorio di analisi del movimento (LMAM) dell’univeristà di Losanna (EPFL). Tramite questo algoritmo è stato possibile ricavare i parametri del cammino (velocità, lunghezza del passo, cadenza) anche per la prova di eTUG. Tramite analisi statistica i dati motori ricavati con l’algoritmo del softaware G-Studio (elaborato dal produttore di G-Walk, BTS Bioengineering spa) risultano correlabili e concordi con quelli elaborati da LMAM-algo con l’unica eccezione del calcolo del tempo di turning. DISCUSSIONE. Le variazioni cliniche motorie osservate confermano che le scale cliniche sono utili per una valutazione puntuale dei pazienti, ma non permettono una reale valutazione della progressione di malattia. Queste fluttuazioni cliniche note nella malattia di Parkinson in media sono da considerare in funzione della terapia dopaminergica (in media incrementata nel corso del primo anno di osservazione) e del tipo stesso di scale utilizzate che non permettono una valutazione bilanciata per gli aspetti assiali di malattia (tra cui le capacità di cammino). Queste ultime sembrano ben valutati dall’uso del sensore di movimento.

(2023). Clinical relationships between motor and cognitive capacities in Parkinson’s Disease. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).

Clinical relationships between motor and cognitive capacities in Parkinson’s Disease

ALIMONTI, DARIO
2023

Abstract

OJECTIVES. In its evolution, Parkinson's disease shows a progressive loss of both motor and cognitive functions (particularly of the executive and attentional domains). In normal clinical practice, clinometric scales are available for assessing these aspects. For motor aspects alone, there are electronic instruments that provide information on gait characteristics. Several studies consistently demonstrate evidence of the involvement of gait in the impairment of executive functions. The aim of the present work is to analyse motor and cognitive changes during one year of observation in a homogeneous sample of patients with Parkinson's disease. In addition, the use of a commercial electronic device (G-Walk) to study gait will aim to investigate its reliability in clinical practice. MATERIALS. We used standardised clinical scales to assess motor (H&Y, UPDRS-III), cognitive (MMSE, MoCA, FAB), psychiatric (BDI-II, BAI) and non-motor symptoms (RBD Screening Questionnaire, Hyposmia Rating Scale) of patients with Parkinson's disease. Other factors were also taken into account: levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), quality of life (PDQ-8), motility (IPAQ-SF), fall risk (Tinetti's scale, Berg's scale ,short-Falls Efficacy Scale). The motor aspects related to walking are otherwise described through the use of a medical device (G-Walk®) worn around the waist by patients during the performance of two standardised walking tests (6MWT - six minute walking test; eTUG - Timed Up and Go in its 10 metre version). METHODS. This was an observational study conducted on 24 patients with Parkinson's disease, to be fully evaluated at enrolment and one year later. Inclusion criteria: diagnosis of idiopathic PD; H&Y between 2-3; age between 55-74 years. Exclusion criteria considered dementia and those clinical conditions that may limit locomotor abilities or cardiopulmonary endurance (assessed with the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale). RESULTS. We enrolled 24 patients (M/F ratio 15/9), with a mean age of 65.1±5.4 years, equally distributed by clinical presentation (rigid-akinetic/tremor 11/13), mainly in H&Y stage 2 of the disease (83.3%). The study completed the first year of observation on all patients. Incongruent changes with the degenerative aspect of the disease were observed as the clinical motor characteristics showed an average improvement on the UPDRS-III scale (23.75  16.96). In the 6MWT, mean stride length (1.43 --> 1.36 m) and mean speed (1.42 --> 1.36 m/s) showed a decreasing trend. In the eTUG, a progressive average slowdown in test execution (17.92 --> 18.63 s) and turning time (2.08 --> 2.19 s) was observed. The cognitive tests also showed a slight worsening variation at one year. Another motor data analysis algorithm, developed at the Laboratory of Movement Analysis (LMAM) of the University of Lausanne (EPFL), was also used experimentally. Using this algorithm, it was also possible to derive gait parameters (speed, stride length, cadence) for the eTUG test. By means of statistical analysis, the motor data obtained with the G-Studio software algorithm (developed by the manufacturer of the G-Walk, BTS Bioengineering spa) were found to be correlated and in concordance with those processed by LMAM-algo, with the sole exception of the turning time calculation. DISCUSSION. The clinical motor variations observed confirm that the clinical scales are useful for a timely assessment of patients, but do not allow a true assessment of disease progression. These clinical fluctuations known in Parkinson's disease on average are a function of dopaminergic therapy (on average increased during the first year of observation) and the very type of scales used, which do not allow a balanced assessment for axial aspects of disease (including walking ability). The latter appear to be well assessed by the use of the motion sensor.
FERRARESE, CARLO
SESSA, MARIA
Parkinson; sensore; cammino; passo; cognitivo
Parkinson; sensor; gait; stride; cognitive
MED/26 - NEUROLOGIA
Italian
30-gen-2023
NEUROSCIENZE
34
2020/2021
embargoed_20260130
(2023). Clinical relationships between motor and cognitive capacities in Parkinson’s Disease. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/403077
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