Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative neuromuscular disease of unknown etiology characterized by the impairment of both upper and lower motor neurons. The risk factors associated with ALS onset and progression remain unknown. The most accepted hypothesis on the etiopathogenesis of ALS foresees a concomitance between genetic and environmental factors that can cause or contribute to the development of familial and sporadic forms of ALS. Similar to other neurodegenerative diseases, ALS is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of insoluble proteins in the cytoplasm of degenerating motor neurons. In particular, in sporadic ALS, the aggregation of TDP-43 protein is thought to play a key role in the degeneration of motor neurons. In this study, we investigated a novel possible biomarker for ALS: double homeobox 4 (DUX4). In fact, in a study by Homma and colleagues in 2015, it was shown that the overexpression of the DUX4 protein in myoblasts from patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) can contribute to the accumulation and aggregation of TDP-43. Therefore, in the first part of our study, we evaluated the possible expression of DUX4 and its correlation with TDP-43 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with ALS. Subsequently, we performed in neuroblastoma cell lines a DUX4 transfection and we evaluated the expression of TDP-43 before and after treatment. In the last part of this study, we assessed the possible effects of the two drugs approved by the FDA for the treatment of ALS, Edaravone and Riluzole, on DUX4 expression. We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from 46 patients with ALS and 26 controls for possible alterations in DUX4 expression. We found a significant (about threefold) increase in DUX4 mRNA and protein levels in PBMCs from patients compared to controls. According to previous results from our group (Arosio et al., 2020), we subsequently confirmed an increase in TDP-43 protein levels in ALS PBMCs, as well as an increase in the truncated forms of TDP-35 and TDP-25, and we showed a positive correlation between DUX4 and TDP-43, TDP-35, and TDP-25 protein levels in ALS samples. In addition, our immunofluorescence analyses of ALS PBMCs showed DUX4-TDP-43 colocalization in the perinuclear region with a tendency to aggregate. Also experiments performed on fibroblasts ALS and iPSCs-derived motor neurons carrying C9ORF72 pathological expansion indicated an analogous increased DUX4 expression. Finally, immunohistochemistry studies were performed on cortex and spinal cord postmortem samples obtained by ALS patients. Upper motor neurons in ALS motor cortex samples showed a clearly detectable DUX-like immunoreactivity, while almost no signal was present in control samples. On the other hand, DUX4 was not expressed in spinal cord samples, regardless of the pathological status. Finally, we performed in a human neuroblastoma cell lines (SH-SY5Y) a DUX4 transfection and, showing that DUX4 upregulation after transfection induced an increase in the TDP-43 insoluble protein fraction. To date, no therapy can cure ALS, although there are two drugs, Riluzole and Edaravone, have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment. Thus, in the final part of this study, we investigated the possible effects of these two drugs on DUX4 mRNA and protein expression in neuroblastoma cell lines transfected with human SOD1 wild type or G93A mutation. Our results showed that Edaravone and Riluzole reduced DUX4 expression in basal conditions and following oxidative stress induced by H2O2 treatment.
La sclerosi laterale amiotrofica (SLA) è una malattia degenerativa di eziologia sconosciuta caratterizzata dalla compromissione dei motoneuroni superiori e inferiori. I fattori di rischio associati all'insorgenza e alla progressione della SLA rimangono sconosciuti. L'ipotesi più accreditata sull'eziopatogenesi della SLA prevede una concomitanza tra fattori genetici e ambientali che possono causare o contribuire allo sviluppo di forme familiari e sporadiche di SLA. Simile ad altre malattie neurodegenerative, la SLA è caratterizzata da un accumulo anomalo di proteine insolubili nel citoplasma dei motoneuroni in degenerazione. In particolare, nella SLA sporadica, si ritiene che l'aggregazione della proteina TDP-43 svolga un ruolo chiave nella degenerazione dei motoneuroni. In questo studio, abbiamo studiato un nuovo possibile biomarcatore per la SLA: double homeobox 4 (DUX4). Infatti, in uno studio di Homma del 2015, è stato dimostrato che la overespressione della proteina DUX4 nei mioblasti di pazienti con distrofia facioscapolomerale (FSHD) può contribuire all'aggregazione di TDP-43. Pertanto, nella prima parte del nostro studio, abbiamo valutato la possibile espressione di DUX4 e la sua correlazione con l'espressione di TDP-43 nelle cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (PBMC) di pazienti con SLA. Successivamente, valutato l’espressione di DUX4 anche in campioni di post mortem, fibroblasti e sui motoneuroni derivati da iPSCs. In conclusione, è stata eseguita una trasfezione di DUX4 in linee cellulari di neuroblastoma umano e abbiamo valutato l'espressione di TDP-43. Nell'ultima parte, abbiamo valutato gli effetti dei farmaci approvati dalla FDA per il trattamento della SLA, Edaravone e Riluzolo, sull'espressione di DUX4. Inizialmente, abbiamo analizzato le cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (PBMC) ottenute da 46 pazienti con SLA e 26 controlli possibili alterazioni nell'espressione di DUX4. Abbiamo riscontrato un aumento significativo dell'mRNA di DUX4 e dei livelli proteici nei PBMC dei pazienti rispetto ai controlli. Secondo i risultati precedenti del nostro gruppo (Arosio et al., 2020), abbiamo successivamente confermato un aumento dei livelli di proteina TDP-43 nelle PBMC della SLA, nonché un aumento delle forme troncate di TDP-35 e TDP-25 e abbiamo verificato una correlazione positiva tra i livelli di proteine DUX4 e TDP-43, TDP-35 e TDP-25 nei campioni di SLA. Inoltre, le nostre analisi di immunofluorescenza delle PBMC ALS hanno mostrato la co-localizzazione di DUX4-TDP-43 nella regione perinucleare con una tendenza ad aggregarsi. Anche gli esperimenti eseguiti sui fibroblasti SLA e sui motoneuroni derivati da iPSCs con l'espansione patologica di C9ORF72 hanno indicato un'analoga maggiore espressione di DUX4. Infine, sono stati condotti studi di immunoistochimica su campioni post mortem di corteccia e midollo spinale ottenuti da pazienti con SLA. I motoneuroni superiori nei campioni di corteccia motoria della SLA hanno mostrato un'immunoreattività a DUX chiaramente rilevabile, mentre quasi nessun segnale era presente nei campioni di controllo. DUX4 invece non è espresso nei campioni di midollo spinale, indipendentemente dallo stato patologico. Infine, abbiamo eseguito in linee cellulari di neuroblastoma umano una trasfezione DUX4 e, dimostrando che la upregolazione di DUX4 dopo la trasfezione ha indotto un aumento della frazione proteica insolubile TDP-43. Ad oggi, nessuna terapia può curare la SLA, sebbene ci siano due farmaci, Riluzolo ed Edaravone, approvati dalla Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Pertanto, nella parte finale di questo studio, abbiamo studiato i possibili effetti di questi due farmaci sull'espressione di DUX4 in linee cellulari di neuroblastoma umano con mutazione SOD1 wild type o G93A. I nostri risultati hanno mostrato che i farmaci hanno ridotto l'espressione di DUX4 in condizioni basali e in seguito allo stress ossidativo indotto dal trattamento con H2O2
(2023). Study of DUX4 as a novel biomarker in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023).
Study of DUX4 as a novel biomarker in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
DURANTI, ELISA
2023
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative neuromuscular disease of unknown etiology characterized by the impairment of both upper and lower motor neurons. The risk factors associated with ALS onset and progression remain unknown. The most accepted hypothesis on the etiopathogenesis of ALS foresees a concomitance between genetic and environmental factors that can cause or contribute to the development of familial and sporadic forms of ALS. Similar to other neurodegenerative diseases, ALS is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of insoluble proteins in the cytoplasm of degenerating motor neurons. In particular, in sporadic ALS, the aggregation of TDP-43 protein is thought to play a key role in the degeneration of motor neurons. In this study, we investigated a novel possible biomarker for ALS: double homeobox 4 (DUX4). In fact, in a study by Homma and colleagues in 2015, it was shown that the overexpression of the DUX4 protein in myoblasts from patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) can contribute to the accumulation and aggregation of TDP-43. Therefore, in the first part of our study, we evaluated the possible expression of DUX4 and its correlation with TDP-43 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with ALS. Subsequently, we performed in neuroblastoma cell lines a DUX4 transfection and we evaluated the expression of TDP-43 before and after treatment. In the last part of this study, we assessed the possible effects of the two drugs approved by the FDA for the treatment of ALS, Edaravone and Riluzole, on DUX4 expression. We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from 46 patients with ALS and 26 controls for possible alterations in DUX4 expression. We found a significant (about threefold) increase in DUX4 mRNA and protein levels in PBMCs from patients compared to controls. According to previous results from our group (Arosio et al., 2020), we subsequently confirmed an increase in TDP-43 protein levels in ALS PBMCs, as well as an increase in the truncated forms of TDP-35 and TDP-25, and we showed a positive correlation between DUX4 and TDP-43, TDP-35, and TDP-25 protein levels in ALS samples. In addition, our immunofluorescence analyses of ALS PBMCs showed DUX4-TDP-43 colocalization in the perinuclear region with a tendency to aggregate. Also experiments performed on fibroblasts ALS and iPSCs-derived motor neurons carrying C9ORF72 pathological expansion indicated an analogous increased DUX4 expression. Finally, immunohistochemistry studies were performed on cortex and spinal cord postmortem samples obtained by ALS patients. Upper motor neurons in ALS motor cortex samples showed a clearly detectable DUX-like immunoreactivity, while almost no signal was present in control samples. On the other hand, DUX4 was not expressed in spinal cord samples, regardless of the pathological status. Finally, we performed in a human neuroblastoma cell lines (SH-SY5Y) a DUX4 transfection and, showing that DUX4 upregulation after transfection induced an increase in the TDP-43 insoluble protein fraction. To date, no therapy can cure ALS, although there are two drugs, Riluzole and Edaravone, have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment. Thus, in the final part of this study, we investigated the possible effects of these two drugs on DUX4 mRNA and protein expression in neuroblastoma cell lines transfected with human SOD1 wild type or G93A mutation. Our results showed that Edaravone and Riluzole reduced DUX4 expression in basal conditions and following oxidative stress induced by H2O2 treatment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Study of DUX4 as a novel biomarker in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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Doctoral thesis
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