Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative autoimmune disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS), where autoreactive CD4+T-cells are believed to attack the myelin sheath of neurons causing CNS damage. MS is also associated with viral infections, in particular with Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV), but the role of viruses in MS progression is debated. Auto-reactive and overshooting anti-viral T-cell responses are controlled by regulatory T-cell subsets, namely FOXP3+Treg and IL-10-producing type 1 regulatory cells (Tr1) cells. Both subsets were proposed to be involved in MS, but the role of Tr1 cells in vivo in MS remains unclear. Eomesodermin (Eomes), a putative lineage-defining transcription factor of Tr1 cells that controls directly the expression of Granzyme (Gzm)K, allows their analysis ex vivo. Notably, in order to suppress immune responses efficiently, regulatory T-cells have to be activated by antigens, and their antigen specificity is a key feature. Cell-therapy with regulatory T-cells was established in other immune-mediated diseases, but the subset that efficiently suppresses pathogenic T-cells in MS needs first to be identified. The aim of this thesis is to understand the role of Tr1-cells in MS, in particular, to analyze their CNS-homing capacities and their specificity for self- or viral-antigens, in order to identify subsets that are suited for MS cell-therapy. Therefore, in this project I monitored a cohort of relapsing-remitting MS patient that were either untreated or treated with Natalizumab ‒ the anti-α4 integrin antibody that block the CNS-homing of lymphocytes ‒ by multidimensional cytometric analysis. I found that GzmK+Tr1 cells ‒ and not FOXP3+Treg or GzmB+CTL (cytotoxic lymphocytes) ‒ are strongly and selectively enriched in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of active MS patients, suggesting a role in relapses. Moreover, Tr1 cells were reduced in the blood of MS patients and were highly proliferating in vivo, suggesting that Tr1 cells are recruited and activated in the CNS of MS patients. Consistently, Natalizumab-treated MS patients showed normal Tr1 frequencies and proliferation rates. Conversely, MS patients had strikingly higher frequencies of Tregs and a reduced in vivo turnover, while CTL were unaltered. To assess ex vivo the antigen specificity, a new assay was successfully established. Tr1 and their putative precursors cells responded strongly and selectively to the EBV latency-associated antigen EBNA1 in MS patients, and not with lytic ones, but responded only weakly in healthy individuals. They also failed to respond to myelin antigens or to the John Cunningham Virus. Interestingly, Natalizumab-treated patients had significantly higher levels of EBV-specific Tr1 cells, suggesting that these cells are recruited to and/or generated from precursors in the CNS. Tr1 cells have enhanced anti-inflammatory properties in MS patients, secreting higher levels of IL-10 in response to polyclonal stimulation. Moreover, we have preliminary evidences that Tr1 cells produce also considerable amounts of IL-10 in the CSF and even in response to EBV/EBNA1 in the blood of MS patients. Overall, our results are consistent with the notion that there is a dysregulated immune response against EBV in the CNS of MS patients, and suggest a dual role for Eomes+Tr1 cells regulating EBV-specific and not myelin-reactive T-cells. A key finding for this project is that Tr1 cells may have a beneficial role in relapses since they are present in the CNS and produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. But at the same time, the specificity for EBV in the latent phase could be at the basis of the inefficient response to the virus and therefore of MS progression. In the future a better understanding of Tr1 cell role in MS could lead to novel therapeutic approaches, although further investigations on Tr1 cells are needed to understand their suppressive abilities, the genes involved and their role in progressive MS.
La sclerosi multipla (SM) è una malattia degenerativa autoimmune del Sistema Nervoso Centrale (SNC), in cui cellule T CD4 autoreattive attaccano la mielina dei neuroni causando danni al SNC. La SM è anche associata all’infezione del virus Epstein-Barr (EBV), ma il ruolo dei virus nella progressione della SM è dibattuto. Le risposte di cellule T autoreattive e anti-virali sono controllate da popolazioni diverse di cellule T regolatorie, quali le Treg FOXP3+ e le cellule T regolatorie di tipo 1 (Tr1). Entrambe le polazioni sono coinvolte nella SM, ma il ruolo delle cellule Tr1 nella SM in vivo è poco chiaro. L'eomesodermina (Eomes), un fattore di trascrizione che definisce il lineage delle cellule Tr1 e controlla l'espressione del granzima (Gzm)K, ci permette la loro identificazione ex vivo. La soppressione delle risposte immunitarie è mediata da queste cellule dopo attivazione antigenica tantochè la loro specificità antigenica ne è un fattore chiave. Terapie cellulari con cellule regolatorie sono attualmente già in uso clinico per altre malattie immunomediate ma per la SM è ancora necessario determinare quale subset cellulare sia in grado di sopprimere la risposta immunitaria. Lo scopo di questa tesi è capire il ruolo delle cellule Tr1 nella SM, in particolare, analizzare le loro capacità migratorie verso SNC e la loro specificità per antigeni autologhi o virali, al fine di identificare una popolazione adatta per una eventuale terapia cellulare. Pertanto, in questo progetto ho monitorato una coorte di pazienti MS recidivanti-remittenti trattati o meno con Natalizumab ‒ anticorpo che blocca l’ingresso dei linfoci T nel SNC ‒ mediante tecniche di citofluorimetrica multidimensionale. Ho mostrato che nel liquor di pazienti MS attivi le cellule Tr1 GzmK+ Eomes+ sono fortemente e selettivamente arricchite suggerendo un loro ruolo nelle ricadute. Inoltre, le Tr1 risultano ridotte nel sangue dei pazienti MS e con un’alta proliferanzione in vivo, suggerendo che le Tr1 siano reclutate e attivate nel SNC di questi pazienti. Coerentemente, nei pazienti SM trattati con Natalizumab, le Tr1 hanno frequenze e tassi di proliferazione normali. Al contrario, i pazienti SM hanno un numero maggiore di Treg che però sono meno proliferanti in vivo, mentre le CTL restano inalterate. Nei pazienti MS le cellule Tr1 rispondono fortemente e selettivamente all'antigene EBNA-1 associato alla latenza di EBV mentre la risposta è debole negli individui sani. Non si rileva invece alcuna risposta agli antigeni della mielina o del John Cunningham Virus. Inoltre i pazienti trattati con Natalizumab hanno livelli significativamente più elevati di Tr1 specifiche per EBV/EBNA1, suggerendo che le Tr1 EBV-specifiche siano reclutate e/o generate da precursori nel SNC. Le Tr1 mostrano maggiori proprietà antinfiammatorie nei pazienti SM secernendo livelli più alti di IL-10 in risposta a stimolazione policlonale. Infine abbiamo rilevato che nel liquor le Tr1 producono notevoli quantità di IL-10, come avviene anche nel sangue periferico di pazienti SM in risposta a EBV/ EBNA1 . Nel complesso, i risultati supportano l'ipotesi di una risposta immunitaria anti-EBV alterata nel SNC dei pazienti SM, e suggeriscono un doppio ruolo per le cellule Tr1 Eomes: esse possono avere un ruolo benefico nelle ricadute in quanto sono presenti nel SNC e producono la citochina anti-infiammatoria IL-10 ma allo stesso tempo, la specificità per EBV nella fase latente potrebbe essere alla base di una risposta inefficiente al virus e quindi della progressione della MS. Ulteriori indagini sulle cellule Tr1 sono necessarie per comprendere le loro capacità soppressive, i geni coinvolti e il loro ruolo nella SM progressiva.
(2022). ROLE OF EOMES+ TYPE 1 REGULATORY T-CELLS IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
ROLE OF EOMES+ TYPE 1 REGULATORY T-CELLS IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
PULVIRENTI, NADIA
2022
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative autoimmune disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS), where autoreactive CD4+T-cells are believed to attack the myelin sheath of neurons causing CNS damage. MS is also associated with viral infections, in particular with Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV), but the role of viruses in MS progression is debated. Auto-reactive and overshooting anti-viral T-cell responses are controlled by regulatory T-cell subsets, namely FOXP3+Treg and IL-10-producing type 1 regulatory cells (Tr1) cells. Both subsets were proposed to be involved in MS, but the role of Tr1 cells in vivo in MS remains unclear. Eomesodermin (Eomes), a putative lineage-defining transcription factor of Tr1 cells that controls directly the expression of Granzyme (Gzm)K, allows their analysis ex vivo. Notably, in order to suppress immune responses efficiently, regulatory T-cells have to be activated by antigens, and their antigen specificity is a key feature. Cell-therapy with regulatory T-cells was established in other immune-mediated diseases, but the subset that efficiently suppresses pathogenic T-cells in MS needs first to be identified. The aim of this thesis is to understand the role of Tr1-cells in MS, in particular, to analyze their CNS-homing capacities and their specificity for self- or viral-antigens, in order to identify subsets that are suited for MS cell-therapy. Therefore, in this project I monitored a cohort of relapsing-remitting MS patient that were either untreated or treated with Natalizumab ‒ the anti-α4 integrin antibody that block the CNS-homing of lymphocytes ‒ by multidimensional cytometric analysis. I found that GzmK+Tr1 cells ‒ and not FOXP3+Treg or GzmB+CTL (cytotoxic lymphocytes) ‒ are strongly and selectively enriched in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of active MS patients, suggesting a role in relapses. Moreover, Tr1 cells were reduced in the blood of MS patients and were highly proliferating in vivo, suggesting that Tr1 cells are recruited and activated in the CNS of MS patients. Consistently, Natalizumab-treated MS patients showed normal Tr1 frequencies and proliferation rates. Conversely, MS patients had strikingly higher frequencies of Tregs and a reduced in vivo turnover, while CTL were unaltered. To assess ex vivo the antigen specificity, a new assay was successfully established. Tr1 and their putative precursors cells responded strongly and selectively to the EBV latency-associated antigen EBNA1 in MS patients, and not with lytic ones, but responded only weakly in healthy individuals. They also failed to respond to myelin antigens or to the John Cunningham Virus. Interestingly, Natalizumab-treated patients had significantly higher levels of EBV-specific Tr1 cells, suggesting that these cells are recruited to and/or generated from precursors in the CNS. Tr1 cells have enhanced anti-inflammatory properties in MS patients, secreting higher levels of IL-10 in response to polyclonal stimulation. Moreover, we have preliminary evidences that Tr1 cells produce also considerable amounts of IL-10 in the CSF and even in response to EBV/EBNA1 in the blood of MS patients. Overall, our results are consistent with the notion that there is a dysregulated immune response against EBV in the CNS of MS patients, and suggest a dual role for Eomes+Tr1 cells regulating EBV-specific and not myelin-reactive T-cells. A key finding for this project is that Tr1 cells may have a beneficial role in relapses since they are present in the CNS and produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. But at the same time, the specificity for EBV in the latent phase could be at the basis of the inefficient response to the virus and therefore of MS progression. In the future a better understanding of Tr1 cell role in MS could lead to novel therapeutic approaches, although further investigations on Tr1 cells are needed to understand their suppressive abilities, the genes involved and their role in progressive MS.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: ROLE OF EOMES+ TYPE 1 REGULATORY T-CELLS IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
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Doctoral thesis
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