Scientific literature about therapeutic communities for drug addicts has a really minority presence of the pedagogical knowledge. Almost all modern essays about this theme are written by psychiatrist and psychotherapist who, inevitably, influence the acts and the theories of those professionals engaged in the field. This state of affairs produces the debasement of the educators training whose work is bent to the needs of psychiatric and psychological theoretical models. This Thesis aims to make a contribution to the pedagogical reflection on this area. In general terms the purpose is to find a pedagogical specificity that enables a dialogue, between educators and others addictions workers, based on the complementarity of the research objects. The first point is about deviant adult education. The hypothesis is that Pedagogy has to change its traditional methods with this kind of persons, because of their specific social condition. Adult Education, even in its most modern approaches, assumes the “adult condition” as characterized by an irreducible self-responsibility, socially attributed and individually exerted by the subject. In other words, while an adult is defined by the ability to live in his own society without harming himself or other people, a non-adult subject is characterized by a social perception of his physical and mental incompleteness. Because of this, the non-adult is socially perceived as in need of growth to become autonomous, and no more dependent from other (adults). Conversely, despite the growing complexity of the western world, the adult subject is not forced to any compulsory training. He can chose to educate himself, in order to avoid being professionally or socially marginalized, or for pleasure and personal interest, but he is not obligated to do so. Nevertheless, when an adult is labeled as deviant due to social perceptions of his behavior, this state of affairs changes irrevocably. As for the non-adult, also deviant individual is removed from self-responsibility that characterized him earlier. The anomalous behavior of the subject, perceived as dangerous by the social body, forces the activation of marginalization strategies that point to the deprivation of personal liberty by reason of the preservation of society. Within this dynamic, the deviant adult subject is forced into a paradoxical situation of adults minority such that he is socially responsible for his behavior, but he is simultaneously deprived of responsibility upon himself. In the case of addicts, the situation is complicated further by the ascription of physical and mental incapacity given to them by reason of their condition of addicted. This extra step takes away to drug addicts the faculty to have any decision-making ability, and therefore any responsibility in their own path of social reintegration. The therapeutic communities for drug addicts are, in this sense, exemplary. The practice of community life dates back, at least in the West, to the first experience of Christian monastic life. Around the eleventh century A.D. starts to spread a way of practicing the monastic life, that still has an important impact on residential treatment practices. The physical permanence of person in an isolated society and the respect for the rule of community life (in the beginning was the so-called Benedictine Rule) are still the cornerstones of the recovery community, both therapeutic and educational, that receive people in distress. On these two pillars underpinning the entire theoretical framework that supports the effectiveness of residential treatment. It is, in other words, the idea that a secluded but not lonely life, force community members to "see each other" and, therefore, to keep watch one another in the proper conduct of life. The axiom of reference establishes that the group is able to take care of its individual members by subjecting them to a set of practices aimed at the welfare or, in the words of Benedict of Nursia, at their salvation. The idea of group, or rather of community, is linked to a principle of transcendence that, in a shared recognition of a common good, surpasses the individual interest. Community life is thus still, in the imagination of therapy and education, a place of treatment, a place where the hard work of everybody leads to the good of everyone. Somehow the community becomes the seat of a transformative path whose secrets lie in the very rules of community life. The sacredness of rules of the Community, namely their role of undisputed gateway to the individual good, is settled by the sanctions system crafted by each community, to maintain its operation. At the height of each hierarchy of sanctions, is the expulsion from the community, which symbolically represents the highest manifestation of failure of the person who has transgressed, and not of therapeutic and educational of the Community rules. Thus, the entrance into the community for deviant individuals coincides with a sort of self-denial, of their habits, relationships, and living places, in the name of a future saving transformation. From a pedagogical point of view, the community represents a mode of intervention based on a subjugation strategy, that is to say a "total taking charge" of the subject within an artificial context of life, resulting from a microphysical design of everyday life. In other words, the practice of community assumes the idea that the changed conditions of life of the subject involves a change in his inner life (whether it be understood in spiritual or psychological terms). As has been amply demonstrated in the literature, and particularly in psychiatric field by Franco Basaglia, the main limitation of such a treatment methodology is its self-referentiality. The pedagogical analysis of residential interventions through the use of the “apparatus” category has been introduced in the field of educational research by Riccardo Massa at the end of the last century. More generally, the term “apparatus” refers to a structuralist and historical materialist epistemological framework and research methodology. This approach has been, and in some ways still is, a very original proposal in the field of education. The reason for this peculiarity is the definition of a completely new subject of research in the field of education: the “apparatus” precisely. Speaking of the “apparatus” in pedagogy means to assume that there is such a relationship among the variables that build up the experiential contexts for which, under certain conditions, these ones have a logical structure and regulatory experience relatively stable and recursive. This material structure of the experiential context significantly contributes to produce, according to this theoretical model, that intrapsychic and social conditioning, which we call learning effects. The “apparatus” is the experience organizing mechanism that generates meanings in a processual order. Without any claim to primacy or exclusivity of knowledge of the field investigation, the theoretical proposal promoted by Riccardo Massa claims, for Science of Pedagogy, the role of empirical knowledge, non speculative, experimentally oriented to the intentional manipulation of the materials variables which determine the educational experience. Adopting such a research approach involves a reduction in the role that traditionally the subject assumes in pedagogical reflection, and in particular in the phenomenological perspective that is, today, the most collecting consent approach. The subject, seen as the depositary of the meanings of the educational experience, and therefore the main object of attention for research in this field, is overshadowed in favor of a more detailed analysis of the invariant elements of context that contribute to the production of meanings. In other words, the research hypothesis states that, regardless of the people involved in a certain experience, there are some material constants, semantically relevant, that characterize the educational quality of that experience. This way of understanding the educational research does not involve the removal of the subject, nor a deterministic conception of education, conversely, the subject is taken as an irreducible entity, capable of generating unpredictable meanings. If we assume that the educational experience is a process of meaning construction, and we also assumes that human subjectivity is a located process (incompressible within a general theory of deterministic laws), then it becomes a priority, for a knowledge that investigates the process of attribution of meaning, to investigate the meanings construction system involved in the environment. The symbolic axis of the “apparatus” becomes the architectural apex toward which focus the data emerging from a survey, of the space, time, object, and rituals conditions that insist on the body of persons involved in an educational experience. Studying the residential communities for drug addicts adopting such a framework for research, means to identify the semantics core present across these services, i.e., those irreducible characteristic meanings that make this type of services distinguishable from other ones. The semantic composition of these elements within a procedural architectural framework returns, in this research model, the complex of formative effects potentially implicated by the treatment practices of therapeutic communities for drug addicts. Therapeutic communities in Italy are governed by the Regioni through the establishment of accreditation criteria agreed with the Sistema Sanitario Nazionale. Therefore becomes quite easy to identify the structural elements characterizing, in a transversal way, the operation of this type of services. An item of particular interest, among the different descriptors of accreditation standards of Regione Lombardia, is the framework with minimum standards for the design of treatment programs. The program represents an explicit symbolic reference, the first in the qualification of the therapeutic plan for each individual community. Respect for the treatment program by each inmate is, in fact, the conditio sine qua non for the recovery of the whole group. To the program, refer the planning and operating of the staff of professional working on the above cited services. The symbolic value of this element is thus clear, and the analysis of its semantic system is therefore an interesting first step in delineating its possible educational effects. In its first phase, called "host", the program appears immediately characterized by the adoption of diagnostic-deductive tools aimed to analyze and categorize the subject in order to its proper insertion in a treatment path suitable to its characteristics. The next treatment phase is characterized, consequently, by the adoption of occupational therapeutic activities associated with the psychological profile identified, that the inmate must comply. In this second phase, tools are also provided for monitoring and for the management of community life, such as individual and group interviews, staff meetings, biological examinations, and corrective sanctions; whose ultimate goal is to ensure compliance with the program by of all inmates of the community. The final phase of social reintegration alternates indoor and outdoor activities, including “protected job placement”, always bonded to individual monitoring by means of interviews and biological tests. A reading of latent pedagogical meanings in this treatment articulation shows how this system is vitiated by self-referentility. The program evaluating tools are, in fact, summarized in the verification of compliance to prescriptions by the inmates. Benchmarks external to the perimeter of the Community are taken in account only marginally. An example in this sense, is the expulsion of the subject as expression of the maximum individual failure in the path of recovery. In fact, rather than indicate the ineffectiveness of the treatment program, the expulsion paradoxically confirms the inadequacy of the individual. The semantic architecture emerging from this analysis, shows its ortopedaogical character, that is the tendency of these services, net of local variables, to "undo" the subject, namely disqualify individual specificity, to replace it with a “standard identity”, suited for the moral and abstract model of normality. Emerges, in other words, the paradox of services set up to combat the problem of addiction, establishing as its object of learning, not individual autonomy, but the subjection to, and therefore the addiction to, the same treatment program. In conclusion, it seems possible to formulate at least two important considerations. The first concerns the role of relationships within the educational experience. In community work relationship, it is assumed as the main instrument; to establish an empathic relationship with inmates is considered the key to success of the educational work. The analysis of the symbolic dimension of community settings, however, has shown how such an understanding of the relationship is actually complicit in a self referential strategy that confuses the effectiveness of the treatment and individual subjection to requirements. A second point, concerns the importance of taking a pedagogical prospective focused on the material dimensions that contribute to the production of educational meanings of the experience. This specific form of analysis showed, in fact, a substantial complicity of the therapeutic communities with the mechanical operation of the social body. It marginalizes and expels those who are not suited for the society system of functioning, namely the inadequate ones to the shared standards of normality, turning them into outcasts. Focus on the symbolic elements of the material apparatus underlying each educational experience seems to match the pedagogical necessity to take a bilocating and dialectical look at educational phenomena. A look that is able to capture, simultaneously, the process of attributing meaning elaborated by the individual being and the articulation of meanings constituted by experiential context, irrespective of the wishes of those present on the educational scene.

La letteratura scientifica sulle comunità per persone tossicodipendenti conta una presenza del sapere pedagogico decisamente minoritaria. La quasi totalità della saggistica su questo tema è opera di psichiatri e psicoterapeuti che, inevitabilmente, colonizzano l’immaginario trattamentale degli operatori impegnati sul campo. Questo stato di cose produce uno svilimento dei percorsi formativi delle educatrici e degli educatori, le cui competenze nei servizi per le dipendenze vengono piegate alle esigenze dei modelli teorici psichiatrici e psicologici. Questo lavoro di tesi si propone dunque di ampliare di un poco lo spazio riservato alla riflessione pedagogica in questo campo. In termini generali il tentativo è quello di individuare una specificità pedagogica che consenta un dialogo alla pari, giocato sulla complementarietà dei rispettivi oggetti d’indagine, tra gli educatori e gli altri professionisti impegnati nel campo delle dipendenze. Il primo nucleo di riflessioni di questo lavoro si sviluppa intorno al tema dell’educazione di soggetti adulti devianti. L’ipotesi di partenza è che la specificità di una tale condizione sociale costringa la riflessione pedagogica ad una revisione delle proprio modalità d’intervento tradizionali. L’educazione degli adulti, anche nei suoi sviluppi più recenti, assume la specificità della condizione adulta come caratterizzata da una irriducibile responsabilità di sé, socialmente attribuita ed individualmente esercitata dal soggetto. In altri termini, mentre la condizione adulta è definita dalla capacità di agire all’interno della società senza recare danno a se o ad altri, quella di non-adulto è caratterizzata da una percezione sociale di incompiutezza fisica e mentale dell’individuo. Per questa ragione il soggetto non-adulto è costitutivamente costretto all’interno di un percorso di crescita che lo renda autonomo e non più direttamente dipendente da altri (adulti). Al contrario, pur nella complessità crescente del mondo occidentale, il soggetto adulto non è sottoposto a nessun obbligo formativo. Egli può scegliere di “educarsi da sé”, al fine di evitare di venire professionalmente o socialmente emarginato, oppure per un piacere ed interesse del tutto personali, ma non è costitutivamente obbligato a farlo. Eppure, quando un adulto viene etichettato come deviante, a causa della percezione sociale dei suoi comportamenti, questo stato di cose muta irrevocabilmente. Al pari del non-adulto anche al soggetto deviante viene sottratta quella responsabilità di sé che lo caratterizzava in precedenza. I comportamenti anomali del soggetto, percepiti come pericolosi dal corpo sociale, costringono all’attivazione di strategie di emarginazione che culminano con la privazione della libertà individuale in ragione della salvaguardia della società. All’interno di questa dinamica il soggetto adulto deviante si trova costretto in un paradossale condizione di minorità adulta tale per cui è socialmente ritenuto responsabile dei suoi comportamenti, ma è contemporaneamente privato della responsabilità su di sé dai meccanismi di emarginazione agiti dal corpo sociale. Nel caso dei soggetti tossicodipendenti la situazione si viene a complicare ulteriormente a causa dell’attribuzione d’incapacità fisica e mentale loro attribuita in ragione della loro condizione di dipendenza. Questo ulteriore passaggio priva, di fatto, le persone tossicodipendenti, della facoltà di poter avere una qualche possibilità decisionale, e dunque una qualche responsabilità, nel proprio percorso di reinserimento sociale. La comunità terapeutica per tossicodipendenti è, in questo senso, assolutamente esemplificativa. La pratica di vita comunitaria risale, almeno in occidente, alle prime esperienze cristiane di vita monastica. Intorno all’XI secolo d.C. si diffonde un modo di praticare la vita monastica che ha ancora oggi importanti ripercussioni sulle pratiche trattamentali residenziali. La permanenza fisica del soggetto in un luogo isolato dalla società, ed il rispetto della regola di vita comunitaria (in principio fu la cosiddetta Regola Benedettina) costituiscono ancora oggi i cardini delle comunità di recupero, terapeutiche ed educative, che accolgono soggetti in difficoltà. Su questi due cardini poggia l’intero impianto teorico che sostiene l’efficacia dell’intervento residenziale. Si tratta, in altri termini, dell’idea che una vita appartata ma non solitaria costringa i membri della comunità ad “accorgersi gli uni degli altri” e, dunque, a sorvegliarsi vicendevolmente nella corretta conduzione della propria vita. L'assioma di riferimento istituisce che il gruppo sia in grado di prendersi cura dei suoi singoli membri sottoponendoli ad un insieme di pratiche finalizzate al loro benessere o, per dirla con Benedetto da Norcia, alla loro salvezza. L’idea di gruppo, o meglio di comunità, è legata ad un principio di trascendenza che, nel riconoscimento condiviso di un bene comune, supera l’interesse individuale. La vita comunitaria dunque rappresenta ancora oggi, nell’immaginario della terapia e dell’educazione, un luogo di cura, un luogo dove l’operosità di tutti conduce al bene di ciascuno. In qualche modo cioè la comunità diviene sede di un percorso trasformativo i cui segreti affondano nelle regole stesse della vita comunitaria. La “sacralità” delle regole di vita comunitarie, ovvero il loro rappresentare l’incontestabile via d’accesso al bene individuale, è sancita dall’impianto sanzionatorio, architettato da ogni comunità, per salvaguardare il proprio funzionamento. Al culmine di ogni gerarchia di sanzioni c’è l’espulsione dalla comunità che, simbolicamente, rappresenta la massima manifestazione di fallimento, non tanto della capacità terapeutico-educative delle regole comunitarie, quanto del soggetto che le ha trasgredite. L’ingresso in comunità per il soggetto deviante, coincide così con una sorta di rinuncia di sé, della proprie abitudini, delle proprie relazioni e dei propri luoghi di vita, in nome di una futura trasformazione salvifica. Da un punto di vista pedagogico, la comunità, rappresenta una modalità d’intervento basta su di una strategia di assoggettamento, ovvero di “totale presa in carico” del soggetto entro un contesto di vita artificiale, frutto di una progettazione microfisica del quotidiano. In altri termini la pratica comunitaria si risolve sostanzialmente nell’idea che, il mutamento delle condizioni di vita del soggetto implichi un suo cambiamento esistenziale (sia che esso venga inteso in termini spirituali o psicologici). Come è stato ampiamente dimostrato dalla letteratura di settore, ed in particolare in campo psichiatrico da Franco Basaglia, il limite principale di una tale metodologia trattamentale è la propria autoreferenzialità. L’analisi pedagogica degli interventi residenziali mediante l’adozione della categoria di dispositivo è stata introdotta nel campo della ricerca educativa italiana da Riccardo Massa sul finire del secolo scorso. In termini più generali la nozione di dispositivo rimanda ad un impianto epistemologico e ad una conseguente metodologia di ricerca di carattere spiccatamente strutturalista e storico-materialista. Questo approccio ha rappresentato, e per certi versi rappresenta tuttora, una proposta molto originale in campo pedagogico. La ragione di tale peculiarità è la definizione di un oggetto di ricerca assolutamente inedito in campo pedagogico: il dispositivo appunto. Parlare di dispositivo in campo educativo vuol dire ipotizzare che esista un’interrelazione tra le variabili che compongono i contesti esperienziali tale per cui, in determinate condizioni, queste variabili producono un assetto logico e regolativo dell’esperienza relativamente stabile e ricorsivo. Tale assetto materiale del contesto esperienziale contribuisce significativamente a produrre, secondo questo modello teorico, quei condizionamenti sociali ed intrapsichici, che chiamiamo effetti formativi. Il perno distintivo del dispositivo è il suo darsi come meccanismo organizzatore dell’esperienza secondo un ordine processuale generativo di significati. Senza alcuna pretesa di primato conoscitivo o di esclusività del campo d’indagine, la proposta teorica promossa da Riccardo Massa rivendica, per la scienza pedagogica, il ruolo di sapere empirico, non speculativo, orientato sperimentalmente alla manipolazione intenzionale delle variabili materiali determinanti l’esperienza educativa. Adottare un tale approccio di ricerca implica un ridimensionamento del ruolo che tradizionalmente il soggetto assume nella riflessione pedagogica, ed in particolare nella prospettiva fenomenologica che è oggi quella che riscuote più consenso. Il soggetto, inteso come depositario dei significati dell’esperienza educativa, e dunque principale oggetto d’attenzione per la ricerca in questo campo, viene messo in secondo piano in favore di un’analisi più dettagliata degli elementi invarianti del contesto che concorrono alla produzione di significati. L’ipotesi di ricerca prevede in altri termini che, indipendentemente dalle persone coinvolte in una certa esperienza, esistano delle costanti materiali, semanticamente rilevanti, che ne connotano la qualità educativa. Questo modo d’intendere la ricerca educativa non implica però una rimozione del soggetto né tantomeno una concezione deterministica della formazione, al contrario il soggetto è assunto come ente irriducibile, capace di generare significati imprevedibili. Se si assume che l’esperienza educativa sia un processo di costruzione di significati, e altresì si assume che la soggettività umana è un processo situato, incomprimibile entro una teoria generale di leggi deterministiche, allora diviene prioritario, per un sapere che indaga il processo di attribuzione di significati, porre attenzione al sistema di costruzione di significati distribuito nell’ambiente. L’asse simbolico del dispositivo diviene così l’apice architettonico verso cui condurre i dati emergenti, da un’indagine delle condizioni spaziali, temporali, oggettuali e rituali che insistono sul corpo dei soggetti coinvolti in un’esperienza educativa. Studiare le comunità residenziali per tossicodipendenti adottando un tale quadro di ricerca vuol dire allora individuare i nuclei semantici trasversalmente presenti in questi servizi, ovvero quelle caratteristiche di senso irriducibili che rendono distinguibile questa tipologia di servizi rispetto ad altre. La composizione semantica di tali elementi, entro un quadro architettonico di tipo processuale restituisce, in questo modello di ricerca, il complesso degli effetti formativi potenzialmente implicati dalla pratiche trattamentali proprie di una comunità terapeutica per persone tossicodipendenti. In Italia le comunità terapeutiche sono disciplinate dalle singole Regioni mediante la definizione di criteri di accreditamento concordati con il Sistema Sanitario Nazionale. Diventa dunque relativamente semplice individuare degli elementi strutturali caratterizzanti in maniera trasversale il funzionamento di questa tipologia di servizi. Un elemento di particolare interesse, tra i diversi descrittori degli standard di accreditamento di Regione Lombardia, è il quadro di indicazioni minime per la definizione dei programmi trattamentali. Il programma rappresenta infatti un esplicito riferimento simbolico, in primo piano nella qualificazione dell’offerta terapeutica di ogni singola comunità. Il rispetto del programma trattamentale da parte ogni singolo utente residente è conditio sine qua non per la guarigione di tutto il gruppo. Al programma fanno riferimento le progettualità e l’operatività di tutto lo staff di professionisti impiegato in questi servizi. Il valore simbolico di questo elemento è dunque indubbio, e l’analisi del suo impianto semantico costituisce pertanto un interessante primo passo nella delineazione dei suoi possibili effetti educativi. Nella sua prima fase, detta “di accoglienza”, il programma appare immediatamente caratterizzato dall’adozione di strumenti diagnostico-deduttivi tesi all’analisi e alla catalogazione del soggetto al fine di un suo corretto inserimento all’interno di un percorso trattamentale adeguato alle sue caratteristiche. La successiva fase trattamentale si caratterizza, conseguentemente, dall’adozione di attività ergoterapeutiche e socioterapeutiche associate al profilo patologico individuato, cui l’utente è tenuto ad adeguarsi. In questa seconda fase inoltre sono previsti strumenti di monitoraggio e di gestione della vita comunitaria, quali i colloqui individuali e di gruppo, le riunioni di staff, gli esami biologici e le sanzioni correttive, il cui fine ultimo è garantire il rispetto del programma da parte di tutti gli utenti della comunità. La fase finale di reinserimento, alterna attività all’interneo del perimetro comunitario ad attività all’esterno di esso, tra cui inserimenti lavorativi protetti, sempre sottoposte ad un monitoraggio individuale mediante colloqui ed esami biologici. Una lettura pedagogica dei significati latenti presenti in questa articolazione processuale, mette in evidenza come questo impianto trattamentale sia viziato da una sostanziale autoreferenzialità. Gli strumenti di valutazione dell’efficacia del programma sono infatti riassunti nella verifica del rispetto delle prescrizioni psicologiche da parte dei soggetti e prendono solo marginalmente in considerazione il confronto con parametri di riferimento esterni al perimetro comunitario. Esemplificativo in questo senso l’atto sanzionatorio dell’espulsione del soggetto dalla comunità terapeutica quale espressione massima del fallimento individuale nel percorso di recupero. L’espulsione cioè, anziché indicare l’inefficacia del programma trattamentale, sancisce paradossalmente l’inadeguatezza dell’individuo al percorso di recupero. L’architettura semantica emergente da questa analisi, mostra una così il suo carattere ortopedaogico, ovvero la tendenza trasversale di questi servizi, al netto delle variabili locali, ad “annullare” il soggetto, a squalificarne cioè la specifica individualità, per sostituirla con un’identità standardizzata, adeguata ad un modello morale ed astratto di normalità. Emerge, in altri termini, il paradosso di servizi istituiti per combattere il problema delle dipendenze, che istituiscono come proprio oggetto di apprendimento, non l’autonomia individuale, ma l’assoggettamento, e dunque la dipendenza, dallo stesso processo trattamentale. In conclusione sembra di poter formulare almeno due considerazioni rilevanti. La prima riguarda il ruolo della relazione all’interno dell’esperienza educativa. Nel lavoro di comunità essa è infatti assunta come strumento privilegiato, stabilire una relazione empatica e di fiducia con l’utenza appare la chiave di successo del lavoro di educativo. L’analisi della dimensione simbolica dei contesti comunitari ha però messo in evidenza come, un tale modo di intendere la relazione sia in realtà complice di una strategia autoreferenziale che confonde l’efficacia dell’intervento con l’adeguamento del soggetto alle prescrizioni trattamentali. Un secondo punto riguarda l’importanza di assumere uno sguardo pedagogico attendo alle dimensioni materiali che concorrono alla produzione dei significati educativi dell’esperienza. Da questa specifica forma d’analisi emerge, infatti, una sostanziale complicità delle comunità terapeutiche con le meccaniche di funzionamento del corpo sociale. Esso emargina ed espelle quanti risultano non adatti al sistema di funzionamento della società, ovvero gli inadeguati agli standard di normalità condivisi, trasformandoli in reietti. Un’attenzione alle determinanti simboliche del dispositivo materiale sotteso ad ogni esperienza educativa sembra dunque corrispondere alla necessità pedagogica di adottare uno sguardo dialettico e bilocato ai fenomeni educativi. Uno sguardo cioè in grado di cogliere contemporaneamente, il processo di attribuzione di significato elaborato dal singolo individuo e l’articolazione dei significati costituita dal contesto esperienziale indipendentemente dalla volontà dei soggetti presenti sulla scena educativa.

(2012). Uno studio pedagogico della comunità per persone tossicodipendenti. La dimensione simbolica della prassi comunitaria e i suoi effetti formativi.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012).

Uno studio pedagogico della comunità per persone tossicodipendenti. La dimensione simbolica della prassi comunitaria e i suoi effetti formativi.

RIPAMONTI, MATTEO
2012

Abstract

Scientific literature about therapeutic communities for drug addicts has a really minority presence of the pedagogical knowledge. Almost all modern essays about this theme are written by psychiatrist and psychotherapist who, inevitably, influence the acts and the theories of those professionals engaged in the field. This state of affairs produces the debasement of the educators training whose work is bent to the needs of psychiatric and psychological theoretical models. This Thesis aims to make a contribution to the pedagogical reflection on this area. In general terms the purpose is to find a pedagogical specificity that enables a dialogue, between educators and others addictions workers, based on the complementarity of the research objects. The first point is about deviant adult education. The hypothesis is that Pedagogy has to change its traditional methods with this kind of persons, because of their specific social condition. Adult Education, even in its most modern approaches, assumes the “adult condition” as characterized by an irreducible self-responsibility, socially attributed and individually exerted by the subject. In other words, while an adult is defined by the ability to live in his own society without harming himself or other people, a non-adult subject is characterized by a social perception of his physical and mental incompleteness. Because of this, the non-adult is socially perceived as in need of growth to become autonomous, and no more dependent from other (adults). Conversely, despite the growing complexity of the western world, the adult subject is not forced to any compulsory training. He can chose to educate himself, in order to avoid being professionally or socially marginalized, or for pleasure and personal interest, but he is not obligated to do so. Nevertheless, when an adult is labeled as deviant due to social perceptions of his behavior, this state of affairs changes irrevocably. As for the non-adult, also deviant individual is removed from self-responsibility that characterized him earlier. The anomalous behavior of the subject, perceived as dangerous by the social body, forces the activation of marginalization strategies that point to the deprivation of personal liberty by reason of the preservation of society. Within this dynamic, the deviant adult subject is forced into a paradoxical situation of adults minority such that he is socially responsible for his behavior, but he is simultaneously deprived of responsibility upon himself. In the case of addicts, the situation is complicated further by the ascription of physical and mental incapacity given to them by reason of their condition of addicted. This extra step takes away to drug addicts the faculty to have any decision-making ability, and therefore any responsibility in their own path of social reintegration. The therapeutic communities for drug addicts are, in this sense, exemplary. The practice of community life dates back, at least in the West, to the first experience of Christian monastic life. Around the eleventh century A.D. starts to spread a way of practicing the monastic life, that still has an important impact on residential treatment practices. The physical permanence of person in an isolated society and the respect for the rule of community life (in the beginning was the so-called Benedictine Rule) are still the cornerstones of the recovery community, both therapeutic and educational, that receive people in distress. On these two pillars underpinning the entire theoretical framework that supports the effectiveness of residential treatment. It is, in other words, the idea that a secluded but not lonely life, force community members to "see each other" and, therefore, to keep watch one another in the proper conduct of life. The axiom of reference establishes that the group is able to take care of its individual members by subjecting them to a set of practices aimed at the welfare or, in the words of Benedict of Nursia, at their salvation. The idea of group, or rather of community, is linked to a principle of transcendence that, in a shared recognition of a common good, surpasses the individual interest. Community life is thus still, in the imagination of therapy and education, a place of treatment, a place where the hard work of everybody leads to the good of everyone. Somehow the community becomes the seat of a transformative path whose secrets lie in the very rules of community life. The sacredness of rules of the Community, namely their role of undisputed gateway to the individual good, is settled by the sanctions system crafted by each community, to maintain its operation. At the height of each hierarchy of sanctions, is the expulsion from the community, which symbolically represents the highest manifestation of failure of the person who has transgressed, and not of therapeutic and educational of the Community rules. Thus, the entrance into the community for deviant individuals coincides with a sort of self-denial, of their habits, relationships, and living places, in the name of a future saving transformation. From a pedagogical point of view, the community represents a mode of intervention based on a subjugation strategy, that is to say a "total taking charge" of the subject within an artificial context of life, resulting from a microphysical design of everyday life. In other words, the practice of community assumes the idea that the changed conditions of life of the subject involves a change in his inner life (whether it be understood in spiritual or psychological terms). As has been amply demonstrated in the literature, and particularly in psychiatric field by Franco Basaglia, the main limitation of such a treatment methodology is its self-referentiality. The pedagogical analysis of residential interventions through the use of the “apparatus” category has been introduced in the field of educational research by Riccardo Massa at the end of the last century. More generally, the term “apparatus” refers to a structuralist and historical materialist epistemological framework and research methodology. This approach has been, and in some ways still is, a very original proposal in the field of education. The reason for this peculiarity is the definition of a completely new subject of research in the field of education: the “apparatus” precisely. Speaking of the “apparatus” in pedagogy means to assume that there is such a relationship among the variables that build up the experiential contexts for which, under certain conditions, these ones have a logical structure and regulatory experience relatively stable and recursive. This material structure of the experiential context significantly contributes to produce, according to this theoretical model, that intrapsychic and social conditioning, which we call learning effects. The “apparatus” is the experience organizing mechanism that generates meanings in a processual order. Without any claim to primacy or exclusivity of knowledge of the field investigation, the theoretical proposal promoted by Riccardo Massa claims, for Science of Pedagogy, the role of empirical knowledge, non speculative, experimentally oriented to the intentional manipulation of the materials variables which determine the educational experience. Adopting such a research approach involves a reduction in the role that traditionally the subject assumes in pedagogical reflection, and in particular in the phenomenological perspective that is, today, the most collecting consent approach. The subject, seen as the depositary of the meanings of the educational experience, and therefore the main object of attention for research in this field, is overshadowed in favor of a more detailed analysis of the invariant elements of context that contribute to the production of meanings. In other words, the research hypothesis states that, regardless of the people involved in a certain experience, there are some material constants, semantically relevant, that characterize the educational quality of that experience. This way of understanding the educational research does not involve the removal of the subject, nor a deterministic conception of education, conversely, the subject is taken as an irreducible entity, capable of generating unpredictable meanings. If we assume that the educational experience is a process of meaning construction, and we also assumes that human subjectivity is a located process (incompressible within a general theory of deterministic laws), then it becomes a priority, for a knowledge that investigates the process of attribution of meaning, to investigate the meanings construction system involved in the environment. The symbolic axis of the “apparatus” becomes the architectural apex toward which focus the data emerging from a survey, of the space, time, object, and rituals conditions that insist on the body of persons involved in an educational experience. Studying the residential communities for drug addicts adopting such a framework for research, means to identify the semantics core present across these services, i.e., those irreducible characteristic meanings that make this type of services distinguishable from other ones. The semantic composition of these elements within a procedural architectural framework returns, in this research model, the complex of formative effects potentially implicated by the treatment practices of therapeutic communities for drug addicts. Therapeutic communities in Italy are governed by the Regioni through the establishment of accreditation criteria agreed with the Sistema Sanitario Nazionale. Therefore becomes quite easy to identify the structural elements characterizing, in a transversal way, the operation of this type of services. An item of particular interest, among the different descriptors of accreditation standards of Regione Lombardia, is the framework with minimum standards for the design of treatment programs. The program represents an explicit symbolic reference, the first in the qualification of the therapeutic plan for each individual community. Respect for the treatment program by each inmate is, in fact, the conditio sine qua non for the recovery of the whole group. To the program, refer the planning and operating of the staff of professional working on the above cited services. The symbolic value of this element is thus clear, and the analysis of its semantic system is therefore an interesting first step in delineating its possible educational effects. In its first phase, called "host", the program appears immediately characterized by the adoption of diagnostic-deductive tools aimed to analyze and categorize the subject in order to its proper insertion in a treatment path suitable to its characteristics. The next treatment phase is characterized, consequently, by the adoption of occupational therapeutic activities associated with the psychological profile identified, that the inmate must comply. In this second phase, tools are also provided for monitoring and for the management of community life, such as individual and group interviews, staff meetings, biological examinations, and corrective sanctions; whose ultimate goal is to ensure compliance with the program by of all inmates of the community. The final phase of social reintegration alternates indoor and outdoor activities, including “protected job placement”, always bonded to individual monitoring by means of interviews and biological tests. A reading of latent pedagogical meanings in this treatment articulation shows how this system is vitiated by self-referentility. The program evaluating tools are, in fact, summarized in the verification of compliance to prescriptions by the inmates. Benchmarks external to the perimeter of the Community are taken in account only marginally. An example in this sense, is the expulsion of the subject as expression of the maximum individual failure in the path of recovery. In fact, rather than indicate the ineffectiveness of the treatment program, the expulsion paradoxically confirms the inadequacy of the individual. The semantic architecture emerging from this analysis, shows its ortopedaogical character, that is the tendency of these services, net of local variables, to "undo" the subject, namely disqualify individual specificity, to replace it with a “standard identity”, suited for the moral and abstract model of normality. Emerges, in other words, the paradox of services set up to combat the problem of addiction, establishing as its object of learning, not individual autonomy, but the subjection to, and therefore the addiction to, the same treatment program. In conclusion, it seems possible to formulate at least two important considerations. The first concerns the role of relationships within the educational experience. In community work relationship, it is assumed as the main instrument; to establish an empathic relationship with inmates is considered the key to success of the educational work. The analysis of the symbolic dimension of community settings, however, has shown how such an understanding of the relationship is actually complicit in a self referential strategy that confuses the effectiveness of the treatment and individual subjection to requirements. A second point, concerns the importance of taking a pedagogical prospective focused on the material dimensions that contribute to the production of educational meanings of the experience. This specific form of analysis showed, in fact, a substantial complicity of the therapeutic communities with the mechanical operation of the social body. It marginalizes and expels those who are not suited for the society system of functioning, namely the inadequate ones to the shared standards of normality, turning them into outcasts. Focus on the symbolic elements of the material apparatus underlying each educational experience seems to match the pedagogical necessity to take a bilocating and dialectical look at educational phenomena. A look that is able to capture, simultaneously, the process of attributing meaning elaborated by the individual being and the articulation of meanings constituted by experiential context, irrespective of the wishes of those present on the educational scene.
BARONE, PIERANGELO
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY; PEDAGOGICAL STUDY; symbolic dimension; DRUG ADDICTS
M-PED/01 - PEDAGOGIA GENERALE E SOCIALE
Italian
26-set-2012
SCIENZE DELLA FORMAZIONE E DELLA COMUNICAZIONE - 47R
24
2010/2011
open
(2012). Uno studio pedagogico della comunità per persone tossicodipendenti. La dimensione simbolica della prassi comunitaria e i suoi effetti formativi.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/39275
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