Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are the principal components of the tumor microenvironment, and play a central role in antitumor immunity. During cancer immunoediting, TILs became dysfunctional, a phenotype associated to effector functions impairment, reduced cell growth and decreased killing capability. Indeed, cancer immunotherapies treatments try to revert TILs dysfunctional state in order to promote tumor clearance. Immunotherapies nowadays represent the novel frontier in fighting cancer but still little is known regarding the epigenetic modulators responsible for TILs properties; the discovery of novel, possible targetable molecules and mechanisms could substantially improve knowledges regarding immunotherapies and patient responsiveness to them. For this reason, we are applying novel approaches and technologies in this filed, namely the investigation of transposable elements (TEs) functions as novel epigenetic players in TILs identity, plasticity and adaptability to the environmental cancer driven milieu. TEs are interspersed repetitive DNA sequences that cover 40 - 45% of the human genome and growing evidence suggests that TEs exert a crucial function in epigenetic regulation both in cis and in trans, being a source of non-coding regulatory RNAs and participating to chromatin folding. Among TEs, we are interested in the possible epigenetic functions of LINE1 elements, that represents 18% of the human genome, considered as novel key molecules involved in epigenetic regulation of cell identity. Until today the role and the dynamics of TEs-derived RNAs were investigated only in embryonic stem cells or during organism development, while there was no evidence of their possible functions in fully differentiated cells derived from adult tissues, as human Naïve T lymphocytes, that are plastic cells able to adapt and differentiate to diverse effector cells based on the cytokine milieu. We demonstrate that, among T cells subsets, there is a specific enrichment for LINE1 chromatin associated RNAs in naïve CD4+ T cells. Moreover, LINE1 RNAs show a peculiar and timely specific dynamic, being rapidly depleted from the nuclei after TCR activation. Notably, functional experiments suggested that these transcripts could regulate T cells effector functions. Since these data, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate LINE1 involvement in the epigenetic regulation of cell identity and functions in TILs. We generated an in vitro model to study LINE1 dynamics in exhausted and dysfunctional T cells, moreover, we had the possibility to isolate ex vivo TILs from NSCL cancer, CRC and their normal counterpart derived from patients to perform functional experiments and assess LINE1 functions in a real pathological context. We have demonstrated that TILs show aberrant re-accumulation of LINE1 RNAs which is associated with the dysfunctional phenotype and that the silencing of these RNAs is sufficient to reactivate their effector and killing functions allowing a reversion of the phenotype. Finally, we aim to define LINE1 RNAs as novel TILs regulatory molecules to find novel targetable RNA molecules that could be used as adjuvants in therapy to reinforce patient’s immune response.
I linfociti infiltranti il tumore (TIL) sono i componenti principali del microambiente tumorale e svolgono un ruolo centrale nell'immunità antitumorale. Durante l'immunoediting del cancro, i TIL diventano disfunzionali, un fenotipo associato alla compromissione delle funzioni effettrici, alla ridotta crescita cellulare e alla ridotta capacità di uccisione. Infatti, i trattamenti di immunoterapie contro il cancro cercano di ripristinare lo stato disfunzionale dei TIL al fine di promuovere la clearance del tumore. Le immunoterapie rappresentano oggigiorno la nuova frontiera nella lotta contro il cancro, ma ancora poco si sa per quanto riguarda i modulatori epigenetici responsabili delle proprietà dei TIL; la scoperta di nuove molecole e meccanismi di azione possibili potrebbe migliorare sostanzialmente le conoscenze relative alle immunoterapie e alla reattività del paziente ad esse. Per questo motivo, stiamo applicando nuovi approcci e tecnologie in questo campo, vale a dire lo studio delle funzioni degli elementi trasponibili (TE) come nuovi attori epigenetici nell'identità, nella plasticità e nell'adattabilità dei TIL all'ambiente tumorale. I TE sono sequenze di DNA ripetute che coprono il 40-45% del genoma umano e diversi studi suggeriscono che i TE esercitano una funzione cruciale nella regolazione epigenetica sia in cis che in trans, essendo una fonte di RNA regolatori non codificanti e partecipando al ripiegamento della cromatina. Tra i TE, siamo interessati alle possibili funzioni epigenetiche degli elementi LINE1, che rappresentano il 18% del genoma umano, considerati come nuove molecole chiave coinvolte nella regolazione epigenetica dell'identità cellulare. Fino ad oggi il ruolo e la dinamica degli RNA derivati dai TEs sono stati studiati solo nelle cellule staminali embrionali o durante lo sviluppo dell'organismo, mentre non c'era evidenza delle loro possibili funzioni in cellule completamente differenziate derivate da tessuti adulti, come i linfociti T umani, che sono cellule plastiche in grado di adattarsi e differenziarsi in base all'ambiente circostante. Abbiamo dimostrato che, tra i sottotipi di cellule T, esiste un arricchimento specifico per gli RNA associati alla cromatina LINE1 nelle cellule T CD4 + naïve. Inoltre, gli RNA LINE1 mostrano una dinamica specifica e tempestiva, essendo rapidamente downregolati dopo l'attivazione del TCR. In particolare, esperimenti funzionali hanno suggerito che questi RNA potrebbero regolare le funzioni effettrici dei linfociti T. A seguito di queste evidenze, lo scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di valutare il coinvolgimento di LINE1 nella regolazione epigenetica dell'identità cellulare e delle funzioni nei TIL. Abbiamo generato un modello in vitro per studiare la dinamica di LINE1 in cellule T esauste e disfunzionali, inoltre, abbiamo avuto la possibilità di isolare da pazienti con tumore al colon e al polmone i TIL dai tessuti tumorali e dalla loro controparte normale per eseguire esperimenti funzionali e valutare le funzioni di LINE1 in un contesto patologico. Abbiamo dimostrato che le TIL mostrano un riaccumulo aberrante degli RNA di LINE1 che è associato al fenotipo disfunzionale e che il silenziamento di questi RNA è sufficiente per riattivare le loro funzioni effettrici e di uccisione permettendo una reversione del fenotipo. Infine, miriamo a definire gli RNA di LINE1 come nuove molecole regolatrici di TIL per trovare nuove molecole di RNA che potrebbero essere utilizzate come adiuvanti nella terapia per rafforzare la risposta immunitaria del paziente.
(2022). Epigenetic role of transposable elements in human T lymphocytes identity and plasticity. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
Epigenetic role of transposable elements in human T lymphocytes identity and plasticity
VADALÀ, REBECCA
2022
Abstract
Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are the principal components of the tumor microenvironment, and play a central role in antitumor immunity. During cancer immunoediting, TILs became dysfunctional, a phenotype associated to effector functions impairment, reduced cell growth and decreased killing capability. Indeed, cancer immunotherapies treatments try to revert TILs dysfunctional state in order to promote tumor clearance. Immunotherapies nowadays represent the novel frontier in fighting cancer but still little is known regarding the epigenetic modulators responsible for TILs properties; the discovery of novel, possible targetable molecules and mechanisms could substantially improve knowledges regarding immunotherapies and patient responsiveness to them. For this reason, we are applying novel approaches and technologies in this filed, namely the investigation of transposable elements (TEs) functions as novel epigenetic players in TILs identity, plasticity and adaptability to the environmental cancer driven milieu. TEs are interspersed repetitive DNA sequences that cover 40 - 45% of the human genome and growing evidence suggests that TEs exert a crucial function in epigenetic regulation both in cis and in trans, being a source of non-coding regulatory RNAs and participating to chromatin folding. Among TEs, we are interested in the possible epigenetic functions of LINE1 elements, that represents 18% of the human genome, considered as novel key molecules involved in epigenetic regulation of cell identity. Until today the role and the dynamics of TEs-derived RNAs were investigated only in embryonic stem cells or during organism development, while there was no evidence of their possible functions in fully differentiated cells derived from adult tissues, as human Naïve T lymphocytes, that are plastic cells able to adapt and differentiate to diverse effector cells based on the cytokine milieu. We demonstrate that, among T cells subsets, there is a specific enrichment for LINE1 chromatin associated RNAs in naïve CD4+ T cells. Moreover, LINE1 RNAs show a peculiar and timely specific dynamic, being rapidly depleted from the nuclei after TCR activation. Notably, functional experiments suggested that these transcripts could regulate T cells effector functions. Since these data, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate LINE1 involvement in the epigenetic regulation of cell identity and functions in TILs. We generated an in vitro model to study LINE1 dynamics in exhausted and dysfunctional T cells, moreover, we had the possibility to isolate ex vivo TILs from NSCL cancer, CRC and their normal counterpart derived from patients to perform functional experiments and assess LINE1 functions in a real pathological context. We have demonstrated that TILs show aberrant re-accumulation of LINE1 RNAs which is associated with the dysfunctional phenotype and that the silencing of these RNAs is sufficient to reactivate their effector and killing functions allowing a reversion of the phenotype. Finally, we aim to define LINE1 RNAs as novel TILs regulatory molecules to find novel targetable RNA molecules that could be used as adjuvants in therapy to reinforce patient’s immune response.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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