The present PhD. Thesis proposes a review and a comparison of the main theories in the current literature concerning insight problem solving, i.e., from the Gestalt psychology (Duncker, 1935; Wertheimer, 1945) and the Human Information Processing theory (Simon,1979; Newell & Simon, 1972; Simon & Newell, 1971), to more recent perspectives, in particular, the special process (e.g., Ohlsson, 2012; Ollinger, et al., 2008; Schooler, et al., 1993), the business-as-usual and integrated theories (e.g., Bowden, et al., 2005; Chronicle, et al., 2004; Weisberg, 2015). The present work also focuses on the claim that insight problem solving is achieved through Unconscious Analytic Thought (UAT; Macchi & Bagassi, 2012, 2015; Bagassi & Macchi, 2016), which represents a critical view to the previous approaches. It consists of productive and creative thinking, mainly resulting from a covert and unconscious process, goal-oriented and informed by relevance, that goes beyond the mere associative or reproductive thinking. According to this perspective, analytic thought is not to be understood as a gradual, step-by-step simplification of the problem but as the act of grasping the crucial characteristics of the elements of the problem and re-interpret them productively. In Chapter 1, a comparison of the mentioned theories is provided, while in Chapters 2 to 4, various studies testing the UAT are reported. The first study, in Chapter 2, aimed at investigating the effect of verbalization in insight and non-insight problems comparatively. While studies supporting the special process view and the UAT perspective have reported different effects of concurrent verbalization in insight and non-insight problems, highlighting an overshadowing effect, studies accounting for the business-as-usual approach reported a lack of verbalization effect in insight problems and claimed that the solution processes of the two types of problems are more similar than different. Results of the present study seem to be in line with the special process and UAT perspectives, as serial on-line verbalization compromised the achievement of the solution of the insight problems, while it helped solve non-insight problems. To further explore the nature of the unconscious solution process involved in insight problem solving, the effect of incubation on insight problems has been investigated. In particular, experimental studies reported in Chapter 3 (Caravona & Macchi, 2022) were aimed at exploring the effect of different types of incubation task (visual, numerical and verbal), different for the degree of cognitive effort involved, on the resolution of insight problems. The most effective was found to be the low-demanding task (regardless of its nature), which, although requiring attentional focus, leaves resources available for an effortful restructuring process, with a high percentage of success in solving the problem in a short time after completion of the incubation task. These results seem to support the UAT approach with respect to other theories that will comparatively be discussed. The objective of the study reported in Chapter 4 was to investigate further the effects that emerged from previous studies reported in Chapter 3. The impact of music and lyrics during incubation was tested with different degrees of demandingness to investigate, in particular, the effect of a high-demanding verbal task as a disruptive element towards the solution. Results showed that, contrary to the evidence in the literature (Ritter & Ferguson, 2017; Schellenberg, et al., 2007), music did not have a beneficial effect on the solution of insight problems, and performances decreased when the incubation task was high-demanding (request of memorizing lyrics). This finding seems to be in line with the evidence presented in previous experiments. As overall results appeared to support the UAT perspective, the main theories of insight have been reviewed and discussed in light of this new evidence.

La presente Tesi di Dottorato propone una revisione a confronto delle principali teorie in letteratura sull'insight problem solving; dalla psicologia della Gestalt (Duncker, 1935; Wertheimer, 1945) e la Human Information Processing Theory (Simon, 1979; Newell & Simon, 1972; Simon & Newell, 1971) ad approcci più recenti quali special process (es., Ohlsson, 2012; Ollinger, et al., 2008; Schooler, et al., 1993), business-as-usual e versioni integrate di queste teorie (es., Bowden, et al., 2005; Chronicle, et al., 2004; Weisberg, 2015). Il presente lavoro si concentra anche sull’ipotesi che la risoluzione dei problemi insight avvenga attraverso l'Unconscious Analytic Thought (UAT; Macchi & Bagassi, 2012, 2015; Bagassi & Macchi, 2016) che rappresenta una visione critica rispetto agli approcci precedenti. Si tratta di un pensiero produttivo e creativo, derivante principalmente da un processo inconscio, orientato all'obiettivo e guidato dalla pertinenza, andando oltre al semplice pensiero associativo o riproduttivo. Secondo questa prospettiva, il pensiero analitico non va inteso come una semplificazione graduale del problema, ma come l'atto di cogliere le caratteristiche cruciali degli elementi del problema e reinterpretarli in modo produttivo. Il Capitolo 1 propone un confronto tra le teorie menzionate, mentre nei Capitoli da 2 a 4 vengono riportati vari studi che indagano la teoria dell'UAT. Il primo studio, nel Capitolo 2, mirava ad indagare a confronto l'effetto della verbalizzazione on-line sui problemi insight e non-insight. Mentre le ricerche a favore delle prospettive special-process e UAT hanno mostrato effetti diversi della verbalizzazione sui problemi insight e non-insight, mostrando un effetto ostacolante sui primi, gli studi a favore dell'approccio business-as-usual non hanno ritrovato questo effetto e hanno sostenuto che i processi di soluzione dei due tipi di problemi siano in realtà molto simili. I risultati del presente studio sembrano in linea con le prospettive special process e UAT, poiché con la verbalizzazione seriale è emersa una riduzione significativa delle percentuali di risoluzione dei problemi insight. Per esplorare ulteriormente la natura del processo inconscio coinvolto nella risoluzione dei problemi insight, è stato indagato l'effetto dell'incubazione. In particolare, gli studi riportati nel capitolo 3 (Caravona & Macchi, 2022) erano volti a esplorare l'effetto di diversi tipi di compiti di incubazione (visivo, numerico e verbale), variabili in termini di sforzo cognitivo, sulla risoluzione dei problemi insight. Il compito “low-demanding” si è dimostrato il più efficace (indipendentemente dalla sua natura) portando ad un'elevata percentuale di risposte corrette raggiunte in tempi molto brevi. Sembrerebbe che, richiedendo la focalizzazione dell’attenzione, questo compito permetta la soluzione del problema a livello inconsapevole durante l’incubazione. Questi risultati sembrano avvalorare l'approccio UAT rispetto alle altre teorie che verranno discusse a confronto. Nel Capitolo 4 è stato indagato attraverso l’incubazione l’impatto della musica sulla risoluzione dei problemi insight. I risultati hanno mostrato che, contrariamente a quanto emerso in letteratura (Ritter & Ferguson, 2017; Schellenberg, et al., 2007), la musica non ha avuto alcun effetto benefico sulla risoluzione dei problemi insight, e le prestazioni sono peggiorate quando il compito era verbale e fortemente impegnativo (memorizzare il testo della canzone). Questi dati sembrano andare nella direzione dei risultati emersi dagli esperimenti precedenti. Le principali teorie dell'insight sono state riviste e discusse alla luce dei risultati emersi dai nostri studi e dell’approccio UAT.

(2022). THE EFFECT OF VERBALIZATION AND THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT INCUBATION TASKS IN INSIGHT PROBLEM SOLVING: EVIDENCE FOR UNCONSCIOUS ANALYTIC THOUGHT. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).

THE EFFECT OF VERBALIZATION AND THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT INCUBATION TASKS IN INSIGHT PROBLEM SOLVING: EVIDENCE FOR UNCONSCIOUS ANALYTIC THOUGHT

CARAVONA, LAURA
2022

Abstract

The present PhD. Thesis proposes a review and a comparison of the main theories in the current literature concerning insight problem solving, i.e., from the Gestalt psychology (Duncker, 1935; Wertheimer, 1945) and the Human Information Processing theory (Simon,1979; Newell & Simon, 1972; Simon & Newell, 1971), to more recent perspectives, in particular, the special process (e.g., Ohlsson, 2012; Ollinger, et al., 2008; Schooler, et al., 1993), the business-as-usual and integrated theories (e.g., Bowden, et al., 2005; Chronicle, et al., 2004; Weisberg, 2015). The present work also focuses on the claim that insight problem solving is achieved through Unconscious Analytic Thought (UAT; Macchi & Bagassi, 2012, 2015; Bagassi & Macchi, 2016), which represents a critical view to the previous approaches. It consists of productive and creative thinking, mainly resulting from a covert and unconscious process, goal-oriented and informed by relevance, that goes beyond the mere associative or reproductive thinking. According to this perspective, analytic thought is not to be understood as a gradual, step-by-step simplification of the problem but as the act of grasping the crucial characteristics of the elements of the problem and re-interpret them productively. In Chapter 1, a comparison of the mentioned theories is provided, while in Chapters 2 to 4, various studies testing the UAT are reported. The first study, in Chapter 2, aimed at investigating the effect of verbalization in insight and non-insight problems comparatively. While studies supporting the special process view and the UAT perspective have reported different effects of concurrent verbalization in insight and non-insight problems, highlighting an overshadowing effect, studies accounting for the business-as-usual approach reported a lack of verbalization effect in insight problems and claimed that the solution processes of the two types of problems are more similar than different. Results of the present study seem to be in line with the special process and UAT perspectives, as serial on-line verbalization compromised the achievement of the solution of the insight problems, while it helped solve non-insight problems. To further explore the nature of the unconscious solution process involved in insight problem solving, the effect of incubation on insight problems has been investigated. In particular, experimental studies reported in Chapter 3 (Caravona & Macchi, 2022) were aimed at exploring the effect of different types of incubation task (visual, numerical and verbal), different for the degree of cognitive effort involved, on the resolution of insight problems. The most effective was found to be the low-demanding task (regardless of its nature), which, although requiring attentional focus, leaves resources available for an effortful restructuring process, with a high percentage of success in solving the problem in a short time after completion of the incubation task. These results seem to support the UAT approach with respect to other theories that will comparatively be discussed. The objective of the study reported in Chapter 4 was to investigate further the effects that emerged from previous studies reported in Chapter 3. The impact of music and lyrics during incubation was tested with different degrees of demandingness to investigate, in particular, the effect of a high-demanding verbal task as a disruptive element towards the solution. Results showed that, contrary to the evidence in the literature (Ritter & Ferguson, 2017; Schellenberg, et al., 2007), music did not have a beneficial effect on the solution of insight problems, and performances decreased when the incubation task was high-demanding (request of memorizing lyrics). This finding seems to be in line with the evidence presented in previous experiments. As overall results appeared to support the UAT perspective, the main theories of insight have been reviewed and discussed in light of this new evidence.
MACCHI, LAURA
insight; verbalizzazione; incubazione; musica; UAT
insight; verbalization; incubation; music; UAT
M-PSI/01 - PSICOLOGIA GENERALE
English
20-mag-2022
PSICOLOGIA, LINGUISTICA E NEUROSCIENZE COGNITIVE
34
2020/2021
embargoed_20250520
(2022). THE EFFECT OF VERBALIZATION AND THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT INCUBATION TASKS IN INSIGHT PROBLEM SOLVING: EVIDENCE FOR UNCONSCIOUS ANALYTIC THOUGHT. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/378814
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