This research describes prison governmentality through the analysis of letters of prisoners “engaged in struggles”. A collection of testimonies which represent the opportunities and difficulties of resisting in the place of power par excellence, which in recent years has become more sophisticated and effective. For this reason, I consider prison as a relevant point of observation where it is possible to find power and control strategies in their most punitive and soft forms. Engaging theories of carceral geography and critical criminology scholars, I focus on space and time as the dimensions for the observation of power relations and governmentality. I then describe how power draws its boundaries in relation to what constantly escapes from its control and on the basis of what the power foresees as a future threat. Thus, the archive of booklets in which the letters are contained are liminal counter-carceral space. Liminal, because this research is the result of the encounter between prisoners and the editors of the collective. Counter-carceral, because it comes from struggles which seek to demonstrate that possibilities to create connections through and beyond the walls remain. The work conducted is based on the experiences described in a collection of letters produced by OLGa Collective covering the last 15 years (2006-2021) and most of the Italian prisons. Without neglecting my role as editor of the booklet, I propose a second academic life for these testimonies, describing a reality that is neither casual nor representative of the general population, but significant considering the writer's oppositional positions and their relationship with governmental logic. I then describe who are the writers, their identities within the codified spaces of prisons. After the relation between the empirical material and OLGa, I elaborate the narrative approach I engaged to analyse letters and my positionality as scholar activist and as ex-university tutor in prison. After describing the empirical material, I elaborate on the narrative approach used to analyse the letters and I reflect on my position as scholar-activist and former university tutor in prison. Throughout analysis of the letter, I briefly introduce the memories of the prison of “the past”, and then move to today's prison, describing particularly the differentiating logics coming from Seventies, and other Italian regimes peculiarities in relation to the international managerial prison logics. Then, the analysis is divided into two parts concerning, respectively, prison power in its punitive and deterrent logics and power in its softness and its reproductive capacity. Each part contains discursive and spatial practises: In the first part I describe the construction of the enemy and the spectacularised uses of crime and criminal phenomena. I then move to the regimes in which these discourses crystallise, such as 41 bis and Maximum security. The second part describes the reward mechanism as a soft power technique; the role of cooperation and individual treatment within the values of rehabilitation. I then describe the “open cells” regime, where the concept of control and freedom will be discussed more in depth. In the last part I leave behind the specificity of the regimes to understand some general tendencies of the prison governmentality. Describing old and new techniques aimed at maintaining order and expanding pervasive control, I show how prison governmentality and its logic of increasing differentiation has produced individualisation and eroded solidarity among prisoners. I also underline a feature of penology, the bureaucratisation of punishment, that creates a distance between society and prison. To do so, I describe videoconferencing as the new technology that bites the soul of prisoners instead of their flesh. Videoconferencing is the emblem of a punishment that renews its legitimacy while maintaining its logics and civilizing its expression.
La ricerca descrive la governamentalità carceraria attraverso l'analisi di lettere di detenuti “in lotta”. Una raccolta di testimonianze che racconta le occasioni e le difficoltà di resistere nel luogo del potere per eccellenza, che negli ultimi anni è diventato più sofisticato ed efficace. Per questa ragione il carcere diventa un punto di osservazione privilegiato dove è possibile ritrovare strategie di potere e controllo nelle loro forme più punitive e soft. Proseguendo il lavoro teorico degli studiosi di geografia carceraria e di criminologia critica, metto a fuoco lo spazio e il tempo come dimensioni per l'osservazione delle relazioni di potere e della governamentalità. In seguito, descrivo come il potere traccia i suoi confini in relazione a ciò che prevede e gli sfugge. Così, l'archivio degli opuscoli in cui sono contenute le lettere è uno spazio liminale contro-carcerario. Liminale, perché è il risultato dell'incontro tra i prigionieri e gli editori dell’opuscolo. Contro-carcerario, perché proviene da lotte che testimoniano la possibilità di creare ancora connessioni attraverso e oltre le mura. Il lavoro svolto si basa sulle esperienze descritte in una raccolta di lettere prodotte dal collettivo OLGa che copre gli ultimi 15 anni (2006-2021) e buona parte delle carceri italiane. Senza tralasciare il mio ruolo di editore dell'opuscolo propongo una seconda vita accademica per queste testimonianze, descrivendo una realtà che non è casuale né rappresentativa della popolazione generale, ma significativa considerando le posizioni oppositive di chi scrive e il loro rapporto con le logiche governamentali. Descrivo quindi coloro che hanno scritto negli opuscoli, le loro identità all'interno degli spazi codificati delle prigioni. Dopo aver descritto il materiale empirico, elaboro l'approccio narrativo utilizzato per analizzare le lettere e rifletto sulla mia posizione di studioso attivista ed ex tutor universitario in carcere. Nel corso dell'analisi delle lettere, introduco brevemente i ricordi del carcere del "passato", per poi dedicarmi al carcere di oggi, descrivendo in particolare le logiche di differenziazione provenienti dagli anni Settanta, e altre peculiarità dei regimi italiani rispetto alle logiche carcerarie manageriali internazionali. L'analisi si divide poi in due parti che riguardano, rispettivamente, il potere carcerario nelle sue logiche punitive e deterrenti e il potere nella sua espressione più soft e la sua capacità riproduttiva. Ogni parte contiene pratiche discorsive e spaziali: Nella prima descrivo la costruzione del nemico e gli usi spettacolarizzati del crimine e dei fenomeni criminali. Poi passo ai regimi in cui questi discorsi si cristallizzano, come il 41 bis e la massima sicurezza. La seconda parte descrive il meccanismo della ricompensa come tecnica di soft power; il ruolo della collaborazione e del trattamento individuale all'interno dei valori della riabilitazione. In seguito, descrivo il regime delle "celle aperte", dove il concetto di controllo e di libertà sarà discusso più in profondità. Nell'ultima parte mi lascio alle spalle la specificità dei regimi per comprendere alcune tendenze generali della governamentalità carceraria. Descrivendo tecniche vecchie e nuove volte a mantenere l'ordine e ad espandere un controllo sempre più pervasivo, mostro come la governamentalità del carcere e la sua logica di crescente differenziazione abbia prodotto individualizzazione ed eroso la solidarietà tra i prigionieri. Sottolineo anche una caratteristica della penologia, la burocratizzazione della pena, che crea sempre più distanza tra la società e la prigione. Per farlo, descrivo la videoconferenza come la nuova tecnologia che morde l'anima dei prigionieri invece della loro carne. La videoconferenza è l'emblema di una punizione che rinnova la sua legittimità mantenendo le sue logiche e civilizzandosi solo nelle sue forme espressive.
(2022). “It is no longer the prison of the past”: narratives on prison governmentality. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
“It is no longer the prison of the past”: narratives on prison governmentality
NOCENTE, MARCO
2022
Abstract
This research describes prison governmentality through the analysis of letters of prisoners “engaged in struggles”. A collection of testimonies which represent the opportunities and difficulties of resisting in the place of power par excellence, which in recent years has become more sophisticated and effective. For this reason, I consider prison as a relevant point of observation where it is possible to find power and control strategies in their most punitive and soft forms. Engaging theories of carceral geography and critical criminology scholars, I focus on space and time as the dimensions for the observation of power relations and governmentality. I then describe how power draws its boundaries in relation to what constantly escapes from its control and on the basis of what the power foresees as a future threat. Thus, the archive of booklets in which the letters are contained are liminal counter-carceral space. Liminal, because this research is the result of the encounter between prisoners and the editors of the collective. Counter-carceral, because it comes from struggles which seek to demonstrate that possibilities to create connections through and beyond the walls remain. The work conducted is based on the experiences described in a collection of letters produced by OLGa Collective covering the last 15 years (2006-2021) and most of the Italian prisons. Without neglecting my role as editor of the booklet, I propose a second academic life for these testimonies, describing a reality that is neither casual nor representative of the general population, but significant considering the writer's oppositional positions and their relationship with governmental logic. I then describe who are the writers, their identities within the codified spaces of prisons. After the relation between the empirical material and OLGa, I elaborate the narrative approach I engaged to analyse letters and my positionality as scholar activist and as ex-university tutor in prison. After describing the empirical material, I elaborate on the narrative approach used to analyse the letters and I reflect on my position as scholar-activist and former university tutor in prison. Throughout analysis of the letter, I briefly introduce the memories of the prison of “the past”, and then move to today's prison, describing particularly the differentiating logics coming from Seventies, and other Italian regimes peculiarities in relation to the international managerial prison logics. Then, the analysis is divided into two parts concerning, respectively, prison power in its punitive and deterrent logics and power in its softness and its reproductive capacity. Each part contains discursive and spatial practises: In the first part I describe the construction of the enemy and the spectacularised uses of crime and criminal phenomena. I then move to the regimes in which these discourses crystallise, such as 41 bis and Maximum security. The second part describes the reward mechanism as a soft power technique; the role of cooperation and individual treatment within the values of rehabilitation. I then describe the “open cells” regime, where the concept of control and freedom will be discussed more in depth. In the last part I leave behind the specificity of the regimes to understand some general tendencies of the prison governmentality. Describing old and new techniques aimed at maintaining order and expanding pervasive control, I show how prison governmentality and its logic of increasing differentiation has produced individualisation and eroded solidarity among prisoners. I also underline a feature of penology, the bureaucratisation of punishment, that creates a distance between society and prison. To do so, I describe videoconferencing as the new technology that bites the soul of prisoners instead of their flesh. Videoconferencing is the emblem of a punishment that renews its legitimacy while maintaining its logics and civilizing its expression.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: “It is no longer the prison of the past”: narratives on prison governmentality
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Doctoral thesis
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