HEALTH INEQUALITIES AND EXPOSURE TO COVID-19: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF SOCIABILITY AND PREVENTIVE BEHAVIOURS IN FIVE ITALIAN PROVINCES The outbreaks of Covid-19 transcends the mere medical aspects of the problem. Contagion is not only a medical problem, but a social phenomenon that needs to be understood both through situated meanings and practices that change during outbreaks and by identifying the contexts in which disease outbreaks take place. Analysis of past epidemic or pandemic experiences has allowed documentation of the existence of health inequalities. One of the causes of these inequalities is related to exposure to the Sars-Cov-2 virus. Meeting non-cohabitants, frequenting places more at risk of contagion during leisure time and not adopting preventive behaviour are some of the elements that play a role in Sars-Cov-2 exposure. As the situation was unprecedented, it was decided to conduct an exploratory study on inequalities in exposure to Covid-19. It was decided to carry out a suitable online survey to explore the phenomenon in the autumn of 2020. Understanding where contagion occurs and where people believe they will fall ill, knowing the characteristics of the people who expose themselves most to the virus both in their free time by frequenting places at risk and by not adopting preventive behaviour, and territorial differences are non-medical elements that must, however, be taken into account in order to limit the spread of Covid-19. The data collected through an online survey conducted between October and December 2020 showed that homes and bars, taverns and restaurants are central to the spread of the infection in the sample. The survey also revealed that the characteristics that seem to be most relevant in the sample for adopting behaviour that exposes them more to the virus are being male, being young and living in a less urbanised area. Less urbanised areas tend to pay less attention to what might expose them to infection. So, it is possible to assert an urban health advantage (Vlahov, Galea, and Freudenberg 2005). Using cluster analysis we created five profiles that have been based on preventive behaviours. Women are more represented in the clusters that are more attentive to prevention. In particular, the most virtuous cluster is characterised by a higher percentage of over 60s, intellectual professionals and residents of Monza and Bergamo. The two clusters less attentive to prevention are characterised by a greater presence of men, young people, less qualified professions and residents in the Venetian provinces. Thanks to the findings we can therefore state that gender, age, profession and the level of urbanisation of the territory in which one lives can be considered social determinants of health also in relation to Covid-19. On the basis of these determinants, differences in exposure to the virus can be detected at the level of places frequented in leisure time for sociability and preventive behaviour adopted. Regardless of some limitations, this work contributes significantly to the literature on Covid-19 through an in-depth characterisation of preventive behaviour adoption. The findings can inform future research on Covid-19 and provide useful information for the development and implementation of targeted interactions and messages to improve the adoption of preventive behaviours.

DISUGUAGLIANZE DI SALUTE ED ESPOSIZIONE AL COVID-19: UN'ANALISI ESPLORATIVA DELLA SOCIEVOLEZZA E DEI COMPORTAMENTI PREVENTIVI IN CINQUE PROVINCE ITALIANE I focolai di Covid-19 trascendono i meri aspetti medici del problema. Il contagio non è solo un problema medico, ma un fenomeno sociale che deve essere compreso sia attraverso i significati e le pratiche situate che cambiano durante le epidemie, sia identificando i contesti in cui le epidemie hanno luogo. L'analisi delle esperienze epidemiche o pandemiche del passato ha permesso di documentare l'esistenza di disuguaglianze nella salute. Una delle cause di queste disuguaglianze è legata all'esposizione al virus Sars-Cov-2. L'incontro con persone non conviventi, la frequentazione di luoghi più a rischio di contagio durante il tempo libero e la mancata adozione di comportamenti preventivi sono alcuni degli elementi che giocano un ruolo nell'esposizione alla Sars-Cov-2. Essendo una situazione senza precedenti, si è deciso di condurre uno studio esplorativo sulle disuguaglianze nell'esposizione a Covid-19. Si è deciso di realizzare un'indagine online per esplorare il fenomeno nell'autunno del 2020. Capire dove avviene il contagio e dove le persone credono di ammalarsi, conoscere le caratteristiche delle persone che si espongono maggiormente al virus sia nel tempo libero frequentando i luoghi a rischio sia non adottando comportamenti preventivi, e le differenze territoriali sono elementi non medici di cui però bisogna tenere conto per limitare la diffusione della Covid-19. I dati raccolti attraverso un'indagine online condotta tra ottobre e dicembre 2020 hanno mostrato che le abitazioni e i bar, le osterie e i ristoranti sono centrali nella diffusione dell'infezione nel campione. L'indagine ha anche rivelato che le caratteristiche che sembrano essere più rilevanti nel campione per l'adozione di comportamenti che li espongono maggiormente al virus sono essere maschi, essere giovani e vivere in una zona meno urbanizzata. Le aree meno urbanizzate tendono a prestare meno attenzione a ciò che potrebbe esporli all'infezione. Quindi, è possibile affermare un vantaggio sanitario urbano (Vlahov, Galea e Freudenberg 2005). Usando la cluster analysis abbiamo creato cinque profili che sono stati basati sui comportamenti preventivi. Le donne sono più rappresentate nei cluster più attenti alla prevenzione. In particolare, il cluster più virtuoso è caratterizzato da una maggiore percentuale di over 60, professionisti intellettuali e residenti a Monza e Bergamo. I due cluster meno attenti alla prevenzione sono caratterizzati da una maggiore presenza di uomini, giovani, professioni meno qualificate e residenti nelle province venete. Grazie ai risultati ottenuti possiamo quindi affermare che il genere, l'età, la professione e il livello di urbanizzazione del territorio in cui si vive possono essere considerati determinanti sociali della salute anche in relazione a Covid-19. Sulla base di questi determinanti si possono rilevare differenze di esposizione al virus a livello di luoghi frequentati nel tempo libero per la socievolezza e di comportamenti preventivi adottati. Nonostante alcune limitazioni, questo lavoro contribuisce significativamente alla letteratura sul Covid-19 attraverso una caratterizzazione approfondita dell'adozione di comportamenti preventivi. I risultati possono informare la ricerca futura sul Covid-19 e fornire informazioni utili per lo sviluppo e l'implementazione di interazioni e messaggi mirati per migliorare l'adozione di comportamenti preventivi.

(2022). HEALTH INEQUALITIES AND EXPOSURE TO COVID-19: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF SOCIABILITY AND PREVENTIVE BEHAVIOURS IN FIVE ITALIAN PROVINCES. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).

HEALTH INEQUALITIES AND EXPOSURE TO COVID-19: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF SOCIABILITY AND PREVENTIVE BEHAVIOURS IN FIVE ITALIAN PROVINCES

GALLINA, ROBERTA
2022

Abstract

HEALTH INEQUALITIES AND EXPOSURE TO COVID-19: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF SOCIABILITY AND PREVENTIVE BEHAVIOURS IN FIVE ITALIAN PROVINCES The outbreaks of Covid-19 transcends the mere medical aspects of the problem. Contagion is not only a medical problem, but a social phenomenon that needs to be understood both through situated meanings and practices that change during outbreaks and by identifying the contexts in which disease outbreaks take place. Analysis of past epidemic or pandemic experiences has allowed documentation of the existence of health inequalities. One of the causes of these inequalities is related to exposure to the Sars-Cov-2 virus. Meeting non-cohabitants, frequenting places more at risk of contagion during leisure time and not adopting preventive behaviour are some of the elements that play a role in Sars-Cov-2 exposure. As the situation was unprecedented, it was decided to conduct an exploratory study on inequalities in exposure to Covid-19. It was decided to carry out a suitable online survey to explore the phenomenon in the autumn of 2020. Understanding where contagion occurs and where people believe they will fall ill, knowing the characteristics of the people who expose themselves most to the virus both in their free time by frequenting places at risk and by not adopting preventive behaviour, and territorial differences are non-medical elements that must, however, be taken into account in order to limit the spread of Covid-19. The data collected through an online survey conducted between October and December 2020 showed that homes and bars, taverns and restaurants are central to the spread of the infection in the sample. The survey also revealed that the characteristics that seem to be most relevant in the sample for adopting behaviour that exposes them more to the virus are being male, being young and living in a less urbanised area. Less urbanised areas tend to pay less attention to what might expose them to infection. So, it is possible to assert an urban health advantage (Vlahov, Galea, and Freudenberg 2005). Using cluster analysis we created five profiles that have been based on preventive behaviours. Women are more represented in the clusters that are more attentive to prevention. In particular, the most virtuous cluster is characterised by a higher percentage of over 60s, intellectual professionals and residents of Monza and Bergamo. The two clusters less attentive to prevention are characterised by a greater presence of men, young people, less qualified professions and residents in the Venetian provinces. Thanks to the findings we can therefore state that gender, age, profession and the level of urbanisation of the territory in which one lives can be considered social determinants of health also in relation to Covid-19. On the basis of these determinants, differences in exposure to the virus can be detected at the level of places frequented in leisure time for sociability and preventive behaviour adopted. Regardless of some limitations, this work contributes significantly to the literature on Covid-19 through an in-depth characterisation of preventive behaviour adoption. The findings can inform future research on Covid-19 and provide useful information for the development and implementation of targeted interactions and messages to improve the adoption of preventive behaviours.
BENASSI, DAVID AMERIGO
Health inequalities; Covid-19 exposure; sociability; preventive behaviour; Social determinats H
Health inequalities; Covid-19 exposure; sociability; preventive behaviour; Social determinats H
SPS/10 - SOCIOLOGIA DELL'AMBIENTE E DEL TERRITORIO
Italian
24-mag-2022
URBEUR-STUDI URBANI
34
2020/2021
open
(2022). HEALTH INEQUALITIES AND EXPOSURE TO COVID-19: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF SOCIABILITY AND PREVENTIVE BEHAVIOURS IN FIVE ITALIAN PROVINCES. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/378177
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