Visuospatial attention and its asymmetries have always attracted great interest: plenty of research has focused on lateralized attentional mechanisms in the healthy brain, the asymmetrical spatial biases following brain lesions (e.g., the neglect syndrome), and the possibility of modulating such asymmetries with non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). In this direction, the study of eye movements can provide direct evidence regarding the way we shift our attention in the surrounding space, i.e., overt attentional processes. The Free Visual Exploration (FVE) task is a simple, ecological, eye-tracking task, shown to reliably detect visuospatial asymmetries both in healthy individuals and patients with neglect. However, compared to other experimental paradigms, the FVE has received little attention as to the factors influencing attentional asymmetries in this task, its relationship with other behavioral paradigms, and, importantly, whether spatial asymmetries during visual field exploration can be modulated by tDCS. The experiments of this doctoral thesis aimed at addressing these issues. Specifically, in Study 1, I investigated the temporal dynamics of FVE in a sample of 60 younger and older adults, showing that pseudoneglect, the typical leftward attentional asymmetry of healthy individuals, in the FVE task is significantly reduced with increasing age and correlates with the performance in a line bisection task, a task most commonly used to assess visuospatial biases. In the experiments of Study 2, I explored the effects of anodal tDCS on the temporal dynamics and exploration asymmetries of FVE, addressing some crucial aspects related to: the stimulation focality (by employing both conventional and High Definition tDCS), differential effects of parietal and frontal stimulations, as well as the state-dependency of the tDCS by considering the impact of baseline performance on tDCS after-effects. Taken together, the results provide a novel behavioral and neuromodulatory characterization of overt attentional orienting in the healthy brain, encouraging future applications of FVE paradigms in clinical and experimental neuropsychological settings, as well as further research into the complexity of tDCS modulation of visuospatial processes.
L'attenzione visuospaziale e le sue asimmetrie hanno sempre suscitato un grande interesse scientifico. Molte ricerche si sono concentrate sull’indagine della lateralizzazione dell’attenzione spaziale nel cervello sano, sulle asimmetrie spaziali conseguenti a lesioni cerebrali (es. negligenza spaziale unilaterale o neglect) e sulla possibilità di modulare tali asimmetrie con tecniche di stimolazione cerebrale non invasive, come la stimolazione transcranica a corrente diretta (transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, tDCS). In tal senso, lo studio dei movimenti oculari può fornire prove dirette sul modo in cui orientiamo la nostra attenzione nello spazio circostante (i.e., attenzione esplicita). Il compito di esplorazione visiva libera (Free Visual Exploration, FVE) è un semplice compito che si avvale della registrazione dei movimenti oculari per rilevare, in condizioni ecologiche, asimmetrie visuospaziali sia negli individui sani che nei pazienti con neglect. Tuttavia, rispetto ad altri paradigmi sperimentali, è carente l’indagine dei fattori che modulano la prestazione al FVE, tra cui: l’influenza di variabili individuali (es. l’età) sulle asimmetrie esplorative, l’associazione con altri compiti comportamentali e, soprattutto, se tali asimmetrie possano essere modulate da stimolazioni transcraniche dei circuiti frontoparietali. Gli esperimenti di questa tesi di dottorato affrontano queste lacune attraverso l’analisi dei movimenti oculari e la modulazione delle relative asimmetrie visuospaziali mediante tDCS. Nello specifico, nello Studio 1, ho studiato le dinamiche temporali della FVE in un campione di 60 giovani adulti e anziani, dimostrando che lo pseudoneglect, la tipica asimmetria attentiva verso sinistra che presentano gli individui sani, è significativamente ridotto con l'aumentare dell'età e correla con la performance in un compito di bisezione di linee, un compito standard per misurare le asimmetrie spaziali. Gli esperimenti dello Studio 2 indagano gli effetti della tDCS anodica sulle dinamiche temporali e le asimmetrie esplorative in un compito di FVE, affrontando alcuni aspetti cruciali relativi alla focalità di stimolazione (utilizzando sia la tDCS sia convenzionale che ad alta definizione), gli effetti differenziali della stimolazione parietale e frontale dell'emisfero destro, nonché la “dipendenza” degli effetti tDCS dallo stato individuale, ovvero l’impatto delle prestazione di baseline sugli effetti della stimolazione. Nel complesso, i risultati degli studi forniscono una nuova caratterizzazione comportamentale e neuromodulatoria dell'orientamento attentivo esplicito nel cervello sano, incoraggiando sia applicazioni future dei compiti di FVE in ambito neuropsicologico sperimentale e clinico, sia ulteriori indagini della complessità della tDCS per la modulazione dei processi visuospaziali.
(2022). Attentional asymmetries through the lenses of eye movements: from behavioral evidence to brain stimulation. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
Attentional asymmetries through the lenses of eye movements: from behavioral evidence to brain stimulation
DIANA, LORENZO
2022
Abstract
Visuospatial attention and its asymmetries have always attracted great interest: plenty of research has focused on lateralized attentional mechanisms in the healthy brain, the asymmetrical spatial biases following brain lesions (e.g., the neglect syndrome), and the possibility of modulating such asymmetries with non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). In this direction, the study of eye movements can provide direct evidence regarding the way we shift our attention in the surrounding space, i.e., overt attentional processes. The Free Visual Exploration (FVE) task is a simple, ecological, eye-tracking task, shown to reliably detect visuospatial asymmetries both in healthy individuals and patients with neglect. However, compared to other experimental paradigms, the FVE has received little attention as to the factors influencing attentional asymmetries in this task, its relationship with other behavioral paradigms, and, importantly, whether spatial asymmetries during visual field exploration can be modulated by tDCS. The experiments of this doctoral thesis aimed at addressing these issues. Specifically, in Study 1, I investigated the temporal dynamics of FVE in a sample of 60 younger and older adults, showing that pseudoneglect, the typical leftward attentional asymmetry of healthy individuals, in the FVE task is significantly reduced with increasing age and correlates with the performance in a line bisection task, a task most commonly used to assess visuospatial biases. In the experiments of Study 2, I explored the effects of anodal tDCS on the temporal dynamics and exploration asymmetries of FVE, addressing some crucial aspects related to: the stimulation focality (by employing both conventional and High Definition tDCS), differential effects of parietal and frontal stimulations, as well as the state-dependency of the tDCS by considering the impact of baseline performance on tDCS after-effects. Taken together, the results provide a novel behavioral and neuromodulatory characterization of overt attentional orienting in the healthy brain, encouraging future applications of FVE paradigms in clinical and experimental neuropsychological settings, as well as further research into the complexity of tDCS modulation of visuospatial processes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Tesi di Diana Lorenzo - 736963
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