Background In adults, many cases (about 30-40%) of leukoencephalopathies (LKENs), i.e. white matter (WM) diseases, are without definitive diagnosis. Patients who remain undiagnosed despite extensive investigations may have atypical forms of known acquired or genetic diseases, or novel diseases more likely genetic in nature. Aims of our work were to explore the efficiency of a systematic approach, including next generation sequencing (NGS), in the diagnosis of a cohort of adult patients with LKEN of unknown cause, and to describe their clinical features. Patients and Methods In this analytical observation study, we first reviewed the clinical and laboratory features of the adult patients (age >= 18 years) with undiagnosed LKEN assessed at the Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases of the Istituto Neurologico “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy, from 2012 to 2018. A targeted-gene panel sequencing (TGPS) was subsequently used to investigate 142 genes responsible for genetic LKENs, and a whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed in one familial case remained undiagnosed. Results We identified 57 adult patients with LKEN of unknown cause (mean age 43 years, range 18-72; 23 males; 53 with late-adolescence or adult-onset). Thirty of them, henceforward called hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathies (HypoLKENs), presented an MRI pattern suggestive of hypomyelination (mild T2-hyperintensity and normal T1 signal), whereas the remaining 27 (henceforward called demyelinating leukoencephalopathies, DemLKENs) had an MRI pattern suggestive of demyelination (prominent T2-hyperintensity and prominent T1-hypointensity). In 13 HypoLKENs, TGPS identified the disease-causing genes, i.e., POLR3A (n = 2), POLR1C, TUBB4A, RARS1, GJA1, PLP1, GJC2, TBCD, CYP7B1, SPG11, PEX3, and PEX13, while in two further patients, WES led to the identification of a novel disease-causing gene (preliminarily called GENE_A). In contrast, TGPS identified the disease-causing gene (i.e., AUH) in only one (out of 27) DemLKEN patient affected by methylglutaconic aciduria type 1. In two other DemLKEN patients, the diagnosis was made on the basis of their clinical and MRI features directly by single gene analysis (PSAP-related metachromatic leukodystrophy), or by skin biopsy after negative results of TGPS (neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease, NIID). Three patients (one with HypoLKEN and two with DemLKEN) had acquired diseases mimicking a leukodystrophy, i.e., a primary cerebral vasculitis (diagnosed by brain biopsy without genetic analyses) and rare variants of multiple sclerosis, diagnosed after negative results of TGPS. Finally, in eight subjects with an incidentally found DemLKEN who remained without clinical manifestations over a long period of time, no mutation was found by TGPS. Conclusions In adults, a hypomyelinating pattern characterizes a large number (about 50%) of LKENs of unknown cause. HypoLKENs are most commonly due to genes causing severe early-onset hypomyelinating leukodystrophies (HLDs), such as POLR3A and TUBB4A, or can be due to genes associated with hereditary spastic paraplegias, such as CYP7B1 and SPG11, peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, such as PEX3 and PEX13, or even novel disease-causing genes. Among the DemLKENs of unknown cause, only very few are diagnosed by TGPS if clinical and paraclinical data pointing toward specific diagnoses are lacking. Occasionally, atypical variants of acquired WM diseases can mimic a genetic leukoencephalopathy with demyelinating or hypomyelinating features on MRI. Finally, a subset of DemLKENs characterized by lack of neurological manifestations and no mutation after comprehensive NGS testing may constitute a novel entity we termed subclinical diffuse leukoencephalopathy (SDL).
Retroterra scientifico Negli adulti circa il 30-40% delle leucoencefalopatie (LKEN) (= malattie della sostanza bianca) non sono diagnosticati. I pazienti che restano non diagnosticati dopo indagini approfondite possono avare forme atipiche di malattie note, sia genetiche che acquisite, oppure nuove malattie che sono più probabilmente di origine genetica. Nel nostro lavoro abbiamo voluto esplorare l’efficienza di un approccio sistematico che include il sequenziamento del DNA con tecniche di nuova generazione (NGS) nella diagnosi di pazienti adulti con LKEN a causa ignota, e descrivere le loro caratteristiche cliniche. Pazienti e Metodi In questo studio osservazionale analitico, abbiamo inizialmente revisionato le caratteristiche cliniche e paracliniche dei pazienti adulti (>=18 anni) con LKEN a causa ignota valutati nell’Unità di Malattie Neurodegenerative e Neurometaboliche Rare dell’Istituto Neurologico “C. Besta”, Milano, Italia, dal 2012 al 2018. Successivamente abbiamo usato un pannello genico per il sequenziamento di 142 geni associati a leucoencefalopatie ereditarie e, in un caso familiare rimasto non diagnosticato abbiamo studiato l’intero esoma. Risultati Abbiamo identificato 57 adulti con LKEN a causa ignota (età media 43 anni, intervallo 18-72; 23 maschi, 53 con esordio tardo-adolescenziale o adulto). Trenta di loro, che abbiamo chiamato «ipomielinizzanti», presentavano un pattern di MRI suggestivo di ipomielinizzazione (lieve iperintensità in T2 e segnale T1 normale), mentre i restanti 27, che abbiamo chiamato «demielinizzanti», avevano un pattern di MRI suggestivo di demielinizzazione (marcata iperintensità in T2 e ipointensità in T1). In 13 soggetti ipomielinizzati il pannello genico ha identificato i seguenti geni: POLR3A (n = 2), POLR1C, TUBB4A, RARS1, GJA1, PLP1, GJC2, TBCD, CYP7B1, SPG11, PEX3, e PEX13, mentre in due altri pazienti lo studio dell’esoma ha portato all’identificazione di un nuovo gene malattia. Al contrario, il pannello genico ha permesso la diagnosi di un solo paziente demielinizzante (aciduria metilglutaconica associata al gene AUH). In due altri pazienti la diagnosi è stata posta o con l’analisi diretta di un singolo gene-malattia dopo revisione dei dati clinico-neuroradiologici (leucodistrofia metacromatica associata al gene PSAP) o con una biopsia di cute dopo la negatività del pannello genico (malattia da inclusi intranucleari neuronali, NIID). Tre pazienti (uno ipomielinizzante, due demielinizzanti) avevano malattie acquisite che mimavano una leucodistrofia: una vasculite primaria diagnostica con la biopsia cerebrale senza analisi genetiche e rare varianti di sclerosi multipla, diagnosticate dopo la negatività del pannello. Infine, in otto pazienti con una LKEN scoperta incidentalmente che sono rimasti senza manifestazioni cliniche per anni, il pannello genico ha dato esito negativo. Conclusioni Negli adulti un pattern ipomielinizzante caratterizza un gran numero (circa il 50%) di LKEN a causa ignota. Le LKEN ipomielinizzanti ad esordio tardivo sono molto più comunemente dovute a geni associati alle forme precoci, come POLR3A e TUBB4A, o possono essere dovute a geni associati a paraplegie spastiche ereditarie, come CYP7B1 e SPG11, a geni associati a disordini perossisomiali, come PEX3 e PEX13, o anche a nuovi geni malattia. Fra le forme demielinizzanti solo molto poche sono diagnosticate con un pannello genico se i dati clinico-paraclinici non orientano verso una diagnosi specifica. Occasionalmente, varianti atipiche di malattie acquisite della sostanza bianca possono mimare una LKEN genetica con caratteristiche demielinizzanti o ipomielinizzanti alla risonanza. Infine, un sottogruppo di LKEN demielinizzanti caratterizzato dalla mancanza di manifestazioni cliniche e dall’assenza di mutazioni in geni associati a forme note di LKEN può costituire una nuova entità che abbiamo chiamato leucoencefalopatia diffusa subclinica.
(2022). Clinical and Genetic Characterization of Leukoencephalopathies in Adults. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
Clinical and Genetic Characterization of Leukoencephalopathies in Adults
SALSANO, ETTORE
2022
Abstract
Background In adults, many cases (about 30-40%) of leukoencephalopathies (LKENs), i.e. white matter (WM) diseases, are without definitive diagnosis. Patients who remain undiagnosed despite extensive investigations may have atypical forms of known acquired or genetic diseases, or novel diseases more likely genetic in nature. Aims of our work were to explore the efficiency of a systematic approach, including next generation sequencing (NGS), in the diagnosis of a cohort of adult patients with LKEN of unknown cause, and to describe their clinical features. Patients and Methods In this analytical observation study, we first reviewed the clinical and laboratory features of the adult patients (age >= 18 years) with undiagnosed LKEN assessed at the Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases of the Istituto Neurologico “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy, from 2012 to 2018. A targeted-gene panel sequencing (TGPS) was subsequently used to investigate 142 genes responsible for genetic LKENs, and a whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed in one familial case remained undiagnosed. Results We identified 57 adult patients with LKEN of unknown cause (mean age 43 years, range 18-72; 23 males; 53 with late-adolescence or adult-onset). Thirty of them, henceforward called hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathies (HypoLKENs), presented an MRI pattern suggestive of hypomyelination (mild T2-hyperintensity and normal T1 signal), whereas the remaining 27 (henceforward called demyelinating leukoencephalopathies, DemLKENs) had an MRI pattern suggestive of demyelination (prominent T2-hyperintensity and prominent T1-hypointensity). In 13 HypoLKENs, TGPS identified the disease-causing genes, i.e., POLR3A (n = 2), POLR1C, TUBB4A, RARS1, GJA1, PLP1, GJC2, TBCD, CYP7B1, SPG11, PEX3, and PEX13, while in two further patients, WES led to the identification of a novel disease-causing gene (preliminarily called GENE_A). In contrast, TGPS identified the disease-causing gene (i.e., AUH) in only one (out of 27) DemLKEN patient affected by methylglutaconic aciduria type 1. In two other DemLKEN patients, the diagnosis was made on the basis of their clinical and MRI features directly by single gene analysis (PSAP-related metachromatic leukodystrophy), or by skin biopsy after negative results of TGPS (neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease, NIID). Three patients (one with HypoLKEN and two with DemLKEN) had acquired diseases mimicking a leukodystrophy, i.e., a primary cerebral vasculitis (diagnosed by brain biopsy without genetic analyses) and rare variants of multiple sclerosis, diagnosed after negative results of TGPS. Finally, in eight subjects with an incidentally found DemLKEN who remained without clinical manifestations over a long period of time, no mutation was found by TGPS. Conclusions In adults, a hypomyelinating pattern characterizes a large number (about 50%) of LKENs of unknown cause. HypoLKENs are most commonly due to genes causing severe early-onset hypomyelinating leukodystrophies (HLDs), such as POLR3A and TUBB4A, or can be due to genes associated with hereditary spastic paraplegias, such as CYP7B1 and SPG11, peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, such as PEX3 and PEX13, or even novel disease-causing genes. Among the DemLKENs of unknown cause, only very few are diagnosed by TGPS if clinical and paraclinical data pointing toward specific diagnoses are lacking. Occasionally, atypical variants of acquired WM diseases can mimic a genetic leukoencephalopathy with demyelinating or hypomyelinating features on MRI. Finally, a subset of DemLKENs characterized by lack of neurological manifestations and no mutation after comprehensive NGS testing may constitute a novel entity we termed subclinical diffuse leukoencephalopathy (SDL).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Clinical and Genetic Characterization of Leukoencephalopathies in Adults
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