Facial expressions, by conveying information on individuals’ internal state and intentions, play an important role in social interactions. The idea that faces alone convey all the necessary information about the expresser’s emotional state in an unambiguous manner and independently of contextual factors was prevalent in the past decades (Calder et al., 1996; Smith et al., 2005) and drove the majority of literature on emotion perception to examine faces in isolation. Nonetheless, facial expressions are very rarely encountered in isolation in real life, and many recent adult studies indicate that the context in which they occur plays an essential part in their perception (for a review, see Aviezer et al., 2017; Wieser et al., 2014). Specifically, various forms of emotional and social context (e.g., emotional bodies or visual scenes, intrinsic social factors or past social experiences) were shown to have a significant influence on adults’ recognition, evaluation, and neural processing of facial expressions (Aviezer et al., 2017; Iidaka et al., 2010; Jack et al., 2012; Pickett et al., 2004; Righart & De Gelder, 2006). However, research investigating the influence of context on the processing of emotional faces in developmental populations is extremely scarce, and although it suggests that contextual effects are also present in infancy and childhood, only a small subset of contextual cues have been examined so far. Therefore, this doctoral dissertation aimed at providing a more comprehensive view of the influence of context on the processing of facial emotions at different developmental stages, by examining the effects of different contextual cues on the perception, neural processing and recognition of facial expressions in infants and children. The first part of this thesis focused on contextual emotional signals. Results indicated that the surrounding facial emotional context (Chapter 1) as well as emotional kinematics cues (Chapter 2) influenced 12-month-olds’ attention and neural processing of emotional faces. The second part focused on contextual effects elicited by social cues in infants and children. They showed that contextual cues of social inclusion and exclusion affected 13-months-old infants’ neural processing of emotional faces (Chapter 3) as well as 5-, but not 7- nor 10-years-olds’ recognition of facial expressions (Chapter 4). Altogether, this thesis provides evidence that contextual effects can be elicited by various types of emotional and social cues (i.e., surrounding emotional faces, emotional kinematics, social inclusion and exclusion) in infants and children, and affect different levels of the processing of emotional faces (i.e., neural and behavioral). In addition, it suggests that these contextual effects vary as a function of the developmental stage of the perceiver (e.g., contextual effects were present only in 5-year-olds in Chapter 4). In sum, context seems to play an essential role in the processing of facial expressions in infancy and childhood, and should be granted particular attention in future developmental studies.

Le espressioni facciali svolgono un ruolo importante nelle interazioni sociali, comunicando informazioni sullo stato d’animo e le intenzioni di chi le esprime. La maggioranza della letteratura sulla percezione delle emozioni ha preso in esame i volti emotivi isolandoli dal contesto, assumendo che essi siano di per sé sufficienti a veicolare, in maniera non ambigua ed indipendente dal contesto, le manifestazioni emotive (Calder et al., 1996; Smith et al., 2005) . Tuttavia, nella vita reale è assai raro osservare espressioni emotive isolate da un contesto e molti studi recenti che coinvolgono partecipanti adulti indicano che il contesto nel quale le espressioni emotive sono inserite svolge un ruolo essenziale nella loro percezione (Aviezer et al., 2017; Wieser et al., 2014). In particolare, negli adulti, è stato mostrato come varie forme di contesti emotivi e sociali (ad esempio, emozioni espresse tramite gestualità corporee e scene visive, fattori sociali intrinseci o precedenti esperienze sociali) modulano il riconoscimento, la valutazione e l’elaborazione neurale delle espressioni facciali (Aviezer et al., 2017; Iidaka et al., 2010; Jack et al., 2012; Pickett et al., 2004; Righart & De Gelder, 2006). Alcuni studi suggeriscono che anche nei primi anni di vita i fattori contestuali svolgano un ruolo nella percezione delle emozioni (citazioni). Tuttavia, la ricerca in questo ambito è estremamente scarsa e prende in esame una gamma di contesti fortemente limitata e selettiva. Questa tesi di dottorato ha quindi l’obiettivo di fornire un quadro più completo sull’influenza del contesto nell’elaborazione delle espressioni facciali nel corso dello sviluppo, esaminando gli effetti di diversi contesti sulla percezione, e sul riconoscimento delle espressioni facciali nei bambini in età infantile prescolare e scolare. La prima parte di questa tesi prende in esame i segnali emotivi contestuali, verificando come la presenza di altre emozioni nel contesto possa modulare la percezione emotiva. I risultati mostrano che, in bambini di 12 mesi, sia i volti emotivi (Capitolo 1), sia le espressioni emotive cinematiche (Capitolo 2) presenti nel contesto influenzano la percezione delle emozioni, modulando il comportamento visivo e l’attività neurale dei bambini. La seconda parte della tesi si concentra sugli effetti contestuali suscitati da circostanze sociali nei bambini in età infantile, prescolare e scolare. I risultati mostrano che le situazioni contestuali di inclusione ed esclusione influenzano l’elaborazione neurale delle espressioni facciali negli infanti di 13 mesi (Capitolo 3), e il loro riconoscimento nei bambini di 5 anni, ma non nei bambini di 7 e 10 anni (Capitolo 4). La tesi nel suo complesso fornisce evidenze empiriche che dimostrano gli effetti contestuali generati da diverse situazioni emozionali e sociali (ad esempio, volti e azioni che esprimono una emozione nel contesto, inclusione ed esclusione sociale) in infanti e bambini, ed agiscano a diversi livelli dell’elaborazione delle espressioni emotive facciali (ad esempio, neurale e comportamentale). Inoltre, i risultati suggeriscono che questi effetti contestuali varino in funzione dell’età dei bambini(ad esempio, il Capitolo 4 mostra come gli effetti contestuali fossero presenti solo in bambini di 5 anni). Riassumendo, nelle prime fasi dello sviluppo il contesto sembra svolgere un ruolo chiave nella percezione delle espressioni facciali.

(2022). PROCESSING EMOTIONAL FACES WITHIN CONTEXT: EVIDENCE FROM INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).

PROCESSING EMOTIONAL FACES WITHIN CONTEXT: EVIDENCE FROM INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

MERMIER, JULIA
2022

Abstract

Facial expressions, by conveying information on individuals’ internal state and intentions, play an important role in social interactions. The idea that faces alone convey all the necessary information about the expresser’s emotional state in an unambiguous manner and independently of contextual factors was prevalent in the past decades (Calder et al., 1996; Smith et al., 2005) and drove the majority of literature on emotion perception to examine faces in isolation. Nonetheless, facial expressions are very rarely encountered in isolation in real life, and many recent adult studies indicate that the context in which they occur plays an essential part in their perception (for a review, see Aviezer et al., 2017; Wieser et al., 2014). Specifically, various forms of emotional and social context (e.g., emotional bodies or visual scenes, intrinsic social factors or past social experiences) were shown to have a significant influence on adults’ recognition, evaluation, and neural processing of facial expressions (Aviezer et al., 2017; Iidaka et al., 2010; Jack et al., 2012; Pickett et al., 2004; Righart & De Gelder, 2006). However, research investigating the influence of context on the processing of emotional faces in developmental populations is extremely scarce, and although it suggests that contextual effects are also present in infancy and childhood, only a small subset of contextual cues have been examined so far. Therefore, this doctoral dissertation aimed at providing a more comprehensive view of the influence of context on the processing of facial emotions at different developmental stages, by examining the effects of different contextual cues on the perception, neural processing and recognition of facial expressions in infants and children. The first part of this thesis focused on contextual emotional signals. Results indicated that the surrounding facial emotional context (Chapter 1) as well as emotional kinematics cues (Chapter 2) influenced 12-month-olds’ attention and neural processing of emotional faces. The second part focused on contextual effects elicited by social cues in infants and children. They showed that contextual cues of social inclusion and exclusion affected 13-months-old infants’ neural processing of emotional faces (Chapter 3) as well as 5-, but not 7- nor 10-years-olds’ recognition of facial expressions (Chapter 4). Altogether, this thesis provides evidence that contextual effects can be elicited by various types of emotional and social cues (i.e., surrounding emotional faces, emotional kinematics, social inclusion and exclusion) in infants and children, and affect different levels of the processing of emotional faces (i.e., neural and behavioral). In addition, it suggests that these contextual effects vary as a function of the developmental stage of the perceiver (e.g., contextual effects were present only in 5-year-olds in Chapter 4). In sum, context seems to play an essential role in the processing of facial expressions in infancy and childhood, and should be granted particular attention in future developmental studies.
BULF, HERMANN SERGIO
TURATI, CHIARA
Emozione; Contesto; Faccie; Elaborazione neurale; Esclusione sociale
Emotion; Context; Faces; Neural processing; Esclusione sociale
M-PSI/04 - PSICOLOGIA DELLO SVILUPPO E PSICOLOGIA DELL'EDUCAZIONE
English
22-mar-2022
PSICOLOGIA, LINGUISTICA E NEUROSCIENZE COGNITIVE
34
2020/2021
open
(2022). PROCESSING EMOTIONAL FACES WITHIN CONTEXT: EVIDENCE FROM INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/370570
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