This thesis reports the first observation of the electroweak production of a W+W- pair of bosons in association with two jets in the fully leptonic final state. The analysis has been performed using the data sample collected by the CMS detector during the 2016-2018 p-p collisions at center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, provided by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The electroweak W+W- production belongs to the very rare class of vector boson scattering (VBS) processes, which are purely electroweak at tree level. The investigation of VBS processes is a central objective of the LHC since they are connected directly to the Higgs boson and the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism of the electroweak interaction. The events were selected requiring the presence of two leptons (eμ) with opposite sign charges, two jets with large invariant mass and large pseudorapidity separation, and a certain amount of missing transverse momentum. Events are then separated into different categories considering the flavor of the charged leptons: ee, μμ, and eμ. The ttbar-tW productions constitute the main background of the analysis. Another important source of background is due to diagrams containing two QCD vertices, which produce the same final state as the signal (QCD-induced W+W- production). The Drell-Yan (DY) production contaminates the ee and μμ final states, while this background is highly suppressed in the eμ one. A deep neural network (DNN) was trained to separate the signal from the ttbar and the QCD-induced W+W- production in the eμ final state. The use of the DNN output as a discriminator in this category has boosted the performance of the analysis. Finally, the analysis reaches the observation of the electroweak W+W- signal with a statistical significance of 5.6 standard deviations, whereas 5.2 standard deviations were expected. Moreover, two cross sections are measured into two different fiducial phase spaces. The first one is an inclusive phase space, defined with cuts at parton level on the two outgoing partons: they are required to have a pT > 10 GeV and an invariant mass mqq > 100 GeV. The measured cross section in the inclusive phase space is 99 ± 20 fb to be compared with the theoretical expectation at the lowest order of 89 ± 5 fb. The second one is an exclusive volume, defined with requirements on observables at generator level that mimic the ones of the analysis signal region. In this fiducial volume, the cross section observed is 10.2 ± 2.0 fb, while the expected one is 9.1 ± 0.6 fb. These are the first measurements of the purely electroweak W+W- cross section; the results show good agreement with standard model expectations. The thesis also reports the work for the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) calibration. The EFlow method, developed during this work, provides per-crystal intercalibration with a time granularity of about 1-2 days to correct the time drift in light response that is still visible after laser corrections. The method relies on the use of minimum bias events from soft collisions, as the φ-symmetry method, which are expected to have a uniform distribution in φ. The EFlow extends the idea of the φ-symmetry method, normalizing the energy of each crystal to the mean of the barrel. In this way, the response in time of each crystal is adjusted to the average drift of the barrel. The events with electrons from W and Z decays are used to correct the residual global drift. The corrections derived in this way are competitive with ones obtained by the method employed during Run II, which used the E/p distribution of electrons from W and Z decays. Thanks to the fine space-time granularity of these corrections and the rapidity of deriving them, the method may be implemented in Run III to provide the so-called “prompt” calibrations for the ECAL.

Questa tesi riporta la prima osservazione della produzione elettrodebole di una coppia di bosoni W+W- in associazione con due jet nello stato finale leptonico. L’analisi è stata svolta sui dati raccolti dal rivelatore CMS durante le collisioni p-p ad un’energia del centro di massa di 13 TeV, che si sono svolte al Large Hadron Collider (LHC) nel periodo 2016-2018. La produzione elettrodebole di due bosoni W+W- appartiene alla classe dei processi rari di vector boson scattering (VBS). Lo studio di processi VBS è uno degli obiettivi centrali di LHC, poiché sono direttamente connessi al bosone di Higgs e al processo di rottura spontanea della simmetria elettrodebole. Gli eventi sono stati selezionati chiedendo la presenza di due leptoni (e/μ) con carica di segno opposto, due jet con grande massa invariante e grande separazione in pseudorapidità, e una quantità di momento trasverso mancante. Gli eventi sono divisi in categorie rispetto al sapore dei leptoni carichi nello stato finale: ee, μμ, and eμ. La produzione di ttbar-tW costituisce il maggior fondo dell’analisi. Un’altra fonte importante di fondo è data dai diagrammi con due vertici QCD, che producono lo stesso stato finale del segnale (produzione QCD di W+W-). La produzione Drell-Yan (DY) contamina principalmente gli stati finali con due elettroni o due muoni, mentre è fortemente soppressa nello stato finale eμ. Una deep neural network (DNN) è stata allenata per separare il segnale dai fondi ttbar e QCD W+W- nello stato finale eμ. L’uso dell’output della DNN come variabile discriminante in questa categoria ha migliorato le performance dell’analisi. L’analisi riporta l’osservazione del processo elettrodebole di produzione di bosoni W+W- con una significatività statistica di 5.6 deviazioni standard. Inoltre, si riporta la prima misura di sezione d’urto del processo in due spazi fiduciali differenti. Il primo è uno spazio fiduciale inclusivo, definito con tagli su variabili a parton level sui partoni uscenti: si richiede che abbiano pT > 10 GeV e massa invariante mqq > 100 GeV. La sezione d’urto misurata nello spazio fiduciale inclusivo è 99 ± 20 fb, da confrontare con l’attesa teorica LO di 89 ± 5 fb. Il secondo è un volume esclusivo, definito con selezioni sugli osservabili a livello generatore che copiano quelle della regione di segnale dell’analisi. In questo volume fiduciale, la sezione d’urto osservata è 10.2 ± 2.0 fb, mentre quella attesa è 9.1 ± 0.6 fb. I risultati osservati sono in accordo con le previsioni dello standard model. Questa tesi riporta inoltre il lavoro per la calibrazione del calorimetro elettromagnetico (ECAL). Il metodo EFlow, sviluppato durante questo lavoro, produce intercalibrazioni con una granularità spaziale del singolo cristallo e temporale di 1-2 giorni, che correggono la perdita residua di risposta in luce dei cristalli. Il metodo si basa sull’uso di eventi minimum bias provenienti dalle collisioni soft di LHC, come il metodo φ-symmetry. Questi eventi hanno una distribuzione uniforme in φ che può essere sfruttata per calibrare il detector. Il metodo EFlow sviluppa ed estende l’idea del metodo φ-symmetry, normalizzando l’energia di ogni cristallo a quella media del barrel. In questo modo, la risposta di ogni cristallo è adattata alla perdita media del barrel. Gli eventi con elettroni dal decadimento di bosoni W/Z sono utilizzati per correggere la perdita residua globale del barrel. Le correzioni sono competitive con quelle ottenute dal metodo utilizzato durante il Run II, che usava la distribuzione E/p degli elettroni dai decadimenti dei bosoni W/Z. Il metodo EFlow sarà implementato durante Run III per effettuare la calibrazione “prompt” dei dati, poiché garantisce la necessaria finezza spaziale e temporale delle intercalibrazioni.

(2022). First observation of the electroweak production of a W+W- pair in association with two jets in the fully leptonic channel with the CMS detector at the LHC. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).

First observation of the electroweak production of a W+W- pair in association with two jets in the fully leptonic channel with the CMS detector at the LHC

CETORELLI, FLAVIA
2022

Abstract

This thesis reports the first observation of the electroweak production of a W+W- pair of bosons in association with two jets in the fully leptonic final state. The analysis has been performed using the data sample collected by the CMS detector during the 2016-2018 p-p collisions at center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, provided by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The electroweak W+W- production belongs to the very rare class of vector boson scattering (VBS) processes, which are purely electroweak at tree level. The investigation of VBS processes is a central objective of the LHC since they are connected directly to the Higgs boson and the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism of the electroweak interaction. The events were selected requiring the presence of two leptons (eμ) with opposite sign charges, two jets with large invariant mass and large pseudorapidity separation, and a certain amount of missing transverse momentum. Events are then separated into different categories considering the flavor of the charged leptons: ee, μμ, and eμ. The ttbar-tW productions constitute the main background of the analysis. Another important source of background is due to diagrams containing two QCD vertices, which produce the same final state as the signal (QCD-induced W+W- production). The Drell-Yan (DY) production contaminates the ee and μμ final states, while this background is highly suppressed in the eμ one. A deep neural network (DNN) was trained to separate the signal from the ttbar and the QCD-induced W+W- production in the eμ final state. The use of the DNN output as a discriminator in this category has boosted the performance of the analysis. Finally, the analysis reaches the observation of the electroweak W+W- signal with a statistical significance of 5.6 standard deviations, whereas 5.2 standard deviations were expected. Moreover, two cross sections are measured into two different fiducial phase spaces. The first one is an inclusive phase space, defined with cuts at parton level on the two outgoing partons: they are required to have a pT > 10 GeV and an invariant mass mqq > 100 GeV. The measured cross section in the inclusive phase space is 99 ± 20 fb to be compared with the theoretical expectation at the lowest order of 89 ± 5 fb. The second one is an exclusive volume, defined with requirements on observables at generator level that mimic the ones of the analysis signal region. In this fiducial volume, the cross section observed is 10.2 ± 2.0 fb, while the expected one is 9.1 ± 0.6 fb. These are the first measurements of the purely electroweak W+W- cross section; the results show good agreement with standard model expectations. The thesis also reports the work for the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) calibration. The EFlow method, developed during this work, provides per-crystal intercalibration with a time granularity of about 1-2 days to correct the time drift in light response that is still visible after laser corrections. The method relies on the use of minimum bias events from soft collisions, as the φ-symmetry method, which are expected to have a uniform distribution in φ. The EFlow extends the idea of the φ-symmetry method, normalizing the energy of each crystal to the mean of the barrel. In this way, the response in time of each crystal is adjusted to the average drift of the barrel. The events with electrons from W and Z decays are used to correct the residual global drift. The corrections derived in this way are competitive with ones obtained by the method employed during Run II, which used the E/p distribution of electrons from W and Z decays. Thanks to the fine space-time granularity of these corrections and the rapidity of deriving them, the method may be implemented in Run III to provide the so-called “prompt” calibrations for the ECAL.
GHEZZI, ALESSIO
LHC; CMS; VBS; Modello standard; DNN
LHC; CMS; VBS; Standard model; DNN
FIS/04 - FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE
English
20-apr-2022
FISICA E ASTRONOMIA
34
2020/2021
open
(2022). First observation of the electroweak production of a W+W- pair in association with two jets in the fully leptonic channel with the CMS detector at the LHC. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/369032
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