Heterogeneity pervades biological systems and manifests itself in the structural and functional differences observed both among different individuals of the same group (e.g., organisms or disease systems) and among the constituent elements of a single individual (e.g., cells). The study of the heterogeneity of biological systems and, in particular, of multicellular systems is fundamental for the mechanistic understanding of complex physiological and pathological phenomena (e.g., cancer), as well as for the definition of effective prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies. This work focuses on developing and applying computational methods and mathematical models for characterising the heterogeneity of multicellular systems and, especially, cancer cell subpopulations underlying the evolution of neoplastic pathology. Similar methodologies have been developed to characterise viral evolution and heterogeneity effectively. The research is divided into two complementary portions, the first aimed at defining methods for the analysis and integration of omics data generated by sequencing experiments, the second at modelling and multiscale simulation of multicellular systems. Regarding the first strand, next-generation sequencing technologies allow us to generate vast amounts of omics data, for example, related to the genome or transcriptome of a given individual, through bulk or single-cell sequencing experiments. One of the main challenges in computer science is to define computational methods to extract useful information from such data, taking into account the high levels of data-specific errors, mainly due to technological limitations. In particular, in the context of this work, we focused on developing methods for the analysis of gene expression and genomic mutation data. In detail, an exhaustive comparison of machine-learning methods for denoising and imputation of single-cell RNA-sequencing data has been performed. Moreover, methods for mapping expression profiles onto metabolic networks have been developed through an innovative framework that has allowed one to stratify cancer patients according to their metabolism. A subsequent extension of the method allowed us to analyse the distribution of metabolic fluxes within a population of cells via a flux balance analysis approach. Regarding the analysis of mutational profiles, the first method for reconstructing phylogenomic models from longitudinal data at single-cell resolution has been designed and implemented, exploiting a framework that combines a Markov Chain Monte Carlo with a novel weighted likelihood function. Similarly, a framework that exploits low-frequency mutation profiles to reconstruct robust phylogenies and likely chains of infection has been developed by analysing sequencing data from viral samples. The same mutational profiles also allow us to deconvolve the signal in the signatures associated with specific molecular mechanisms that generate such mutations through an approach based on non-negative matrix factorisation. The research conducted with regard to the computational simulation has led to the development of a multiscale model, in which the simulation of cell population dynamics, represented through a Cellular Potts Model, is coupled to the optimisation of a metabolic model associated with each synthetic cell. Using this model, it is possible to represent assumptions in mathematical terms and observe properties emerging from these assumptions. Finally, we present a first attempt to combine the two methodological approaches which led to the integration of single-cell RNA-seq data within the multiscale model, allowing data-driven hypotheses to be formulated on the emerging properties of the system.

L'eterogeneità pervade i sistemi biologici e si manifesta in differenze strutturali e funzionali osservate sia tra diversi individui di uno stesso gruppo (es. organismi o patologie), sia fra gli elementi costituenti di un singolo individuo (es. cellule). Lo studio dell’eterogeneità dei sistemi biologici e, in particolare, di quelli multicellulari è fondamentale per la comprensione meccanicistica di fenomeni fisiologici e patologici complessi (es. il cancro), così come per la definizione di strategie prognostiche, diagnostiche e terapeutiche efficaci. Questo lavoro è focalizzato sullo sviluppo e l’applicazione di metodi computazionali e modelli matematici per la caratterizzazione dell’eterogeneità di sistemi multicellulari e delle sottopopolazioni di cellule tumorali che sottendono l’evoluzione di una patologia neoplastica. Analoghe metodologie sono state sviluppate per caratterizzare efficacemente l’evoluzione e l’eterogeneità virale. La ricerca è suddivisa in due porzioni complementari, la prima finalizzata alla definizione di metodi per l’analisi e l’integrazione di dati omici generati da esperimenti di sequenziamento, la seconda alla modellazione e simulazione multiscala di sistemi multicellulari. Per quanto riguarda il primo filone, le tecnologie di next-generation sequencing permettono di generare enormi moli di dati omici, relativi per esempio al genoma o trascrittoma di un determinato individuo, attraverso esperimenti di bulk o single-cell sequencing. Una delle sfide principale in informatica è quella di definire metodi computazionali per estrarre informazione utile da tali dati, tenendo conto degli alti livelli di errori dato-specifico, dovuti principalmente a limiti tecnologici. In particolare, nell’ambito di questo lavoro, ci si è concentrati sullo sviluppo di metodi per l’analisi di dati di espressione genica e di mutazioni genomiche. In dettaglio, è stata effettuata una comparazione esaustiva dei metodi di machine-learning per il denoising e l’imputation di dati di single-cell RNA-sequencing. Inoltre, sono stati sviluppati metodi per il mapping dei profili di espressione su reti metaboliche, attraverso un framework innovativo che ha consentito di stratificare pazienti oncologici in base al loro metabolismo. Una successiva estensione del metodo ha permesso di analizzare la distribuzione dei flussi metabolici all'interno di una popolazione di cellule, via un approccio di flux balance analysis. Per quanto riguarda l’analisi dei profili mutazionali, è stato ideato e implementato il primo metodo per la ricostruzione di modelli filogenomici a partire da dati longitudinali a risoluzione single-cell, che sfrutta un framework che combina una Markov Chain Monte Carlo con una nuova funzione di likelihood pesata. Analogamente, è stato sviluppato un framework che sfrutta i profili delle mutazioni a bassa frequenza per ricostruire filogenie robuste e probabili catene di infenzione, attraverso l’analisi dei dati di sequenziamento di campioni virali. Gli stessi profili mutazionali permettono anche di deconvolvere il segnale nelle firme associati a specifici meccanismi molecolari che generano tali mutazioni, attraverso un approccio basato su non-negative matrix factorization. La ricerca condotta per quello che riguarda la simulazione computazionale ha portato allo sviluppo di un modello multiscala, in cui la simulazione della dinamica di popolazioni cellulari, rappresentata attraverso un Cellular Potts Model, è accoppiata all'ottimizzazione di un modello metabolico associato a ciascuna cellula sintetica. Co modello è possibile rappresentare ipotesi in termini matematici e osservare proprietà emergenti da tali assunti. Infine, un primo tentativo per combinare i due approcci metodologici ha condotto all'integrazione di dati di single-cell RNA-seq all'interno del modello multiscala, consentendo di formulare ipotesi data-driven sulle proprietà emergenti del sistema.

(2022). Computational strategies to dissect the heterogeneity of multicellular systems via multiscale modelling and omics data analysis. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).

Computational strategies to dissect the heterogeneity of multicellular systems via multiscale modelling and omics data analysis

MASPERO, DAVIDE
2022

Abstract

Heterogeneity pervades biological systems and manifests itself in the structural and functional differences observed both among different individuals of the same group (e.g., organisms or disease systems) and among the constituent elements of a single individual (e.g., cells). The study of the heterogeneity of biological systems and, in particular, of multicellular systems is fundamental for the mechanistic understanding of complex physiological and pathological phenomena (e.g., cancer), as well as for the definition of effective prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies. This work focuses on developing and applying computational methods and mathematical models for characterising the heterogeneity of multicellular systems and, especially, cancer cell subpopulations underlying the evolution of neoplastic pathology. Similar methodologies have been developed to characterise viral evolution and heterogeneity effectively. The research is divided into two complementary portions, the first aimed at defining methods for the analysis and integration of omics data generated by sequencing experiments, the second at modelling and multiscale simulation of multicellular systems. Regarding the first strand, next-generation sequencing technologies allow us to generate vast amounts of omics data, for example, related to the genome or transcriptome of a given individual, through bulk or single-cell sequencing experiments. One of the main challenges in computer science is to define computational methods to extract useful information from such data, taking into account the high levels of data-specific errors, mainly due to technological limitations. In particular, in the context of this work, we focused on developing methods for the analysis of gene expression and genomic mutation data. In detail, an exhaustive comparison of machine-learning methods for denoising and imputation of single-cell RNA-sequencing data has been performed. Moreover, methods for mapping expression profiles onto metabolic networks have been developed through an innovative framework that has allowed one to stratify cancer patients according to their metabolism. A subsequent extension of the method allowed us to analyse the distribution of metabolic fluxes within a population of cells via a flux balance analysis approach. Regarding the analysis of mutational profiles, the first method for reconstructing phylogenomic models from longitudinal data at single-cell resolution has been designed and implemented, exploiting a framework that combines a Markov Chain Monte Carlo with a novel weighted likelihood function. Similarly, a framework that exploits low-frequency mutation profiles to reconstruct robust phylogenies and likely chains of infection has been developed by analysing sequencing data from viral samples. The same mutational profiles also allow us to deconvolve the signal in the signatures associated with specific molecular mechanisms that generate such mutations through an approach based on non-negative matrix factorisation. The research conducted with regard to the computational simulation has led to the development of a multiscale model, in which the simulation of cell population dynamics, represented through a Cellular Potts Model, is coupled to the optimisation of a metabolic model associated with each synthetic cell. Using this model, it is possible to represent assumptions in mathematical terms and observe properties emerging from these assumptions. Finally, we present a first attempt to combine the two methodological approaches which led to the integration of single-cell RNA-seq data within the multiscale model, allowing data-driven hypotheses to be formulated on the emerging properties of the system.
SCHETTINI, RAIMONDO
GRAUDENZI, ALEX
bioinformatica; system biology; analisi dati omici; inferenza statistica; modelli multiscala
bioinformatic; system biology; omics data analysis; inference; modelli multiscala
INF/01 - INFORMATICA
English
29-mar-2022
INFORMATICA
34
2020/2021
open
(2022). Computational strategies to dissect the heterogeneity of multicellular systems via multiscale modelling and omics data analysis. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/368331
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