Current methods of prenatal diagnosis require fetal cells to be obtained through invasive procedures, risky for mother and fetus. The discovery of circulating fetal cells in 1979 and the possibility that these cells could be isolated from maternal blood during pregnancy was key to the development of alternative noninvasive approaches for identifying most fetal genetic abnormalities. All these methods result in a laborious, operator depending, time-consuming approach which until now it has not allowed to achieve a high and consistent purification of fetal cells. This project aims to develop a non-invasive method for the isolation of single fetal cells from maternal blood, for direct analysis of fetal chromosomes. The first part was dedicated to the research and testing of different specific markers for fetal cells enrichment and identification. Once optimized, the enrichment step was implemented to be automatic and integrated in a full workflow consisting of: pregnant women blood collection, positive magnetic enrichment, cell staining, single cell isolation and genetic analysis. As soon as the full workflow was standardized we started a clinical evaluation. To determine the success rate and number of trophoblast per sample, a total of 372 women were enrolled and stratified by gestational age at the time of blood collection. At least one fetal cell was isolated in 90.7% of the women sampled between 10-11 gestational weeks with an overall mean number of 3.5 recovered trophoblasts per patient. Furthermore, preliminary data from 131 women, showed a high concordance rate between isolated single trophoblastic cells and fetal karyotype for common trisomies and normal results deriving from gold standard invasive procedure. Overall, the results coming out from this study support the clinical feasibility of an automated and reproducible isolation of fetal cells for non-invasive prenatal genetic testing, well suited to the routine clinical practice. For this reason a clinical performance evaluation study will start soon, on 1500 patients, enrolled from five different Italian Hospital. Primary endpoints of the study will be the performance evaluation, in terms of sensitivity and specificity, of the developed workflow for fetal aneuploidies and segmental imbalances detection in a high-risk pregnancies population. Results will be compared with data resulting from invasive prenatal diagnosis for chromosomal abnormalities obtained on the same women presenting for hospital invasive procedure because classified from the physician as high risk pregnancy. The comparative analysis will determine the false positive, false negative, true positive, and true negative rates of the developed technology.
Attualmente i metodi di diagnosi prenatale esistenti, consentono di ottenere cellule fetali solamente mediante metodiche invasive che comportano un rischio sia per la madre che per il feto. La scoperta nel 1979 della presenza di cellule fetali circolanti nel sangue materno, ha aperto la strada per lo sviluppo di metodi non invasivi per l’identificazione di anomalie fetali. Tutti i metodi sviluppati fino ad oggi tuttavia sono risultati inefficienti nel garantire un adeguato numero di cellule fetali, essendo estremamente laboriosi, richiedendo molto tempo ed essendo operatori-dipendenti. Questo progetto ha lo scopo di sviluppare un metodo non invasivo per l’isolamento di singole cellule fetali dal sangue materno, per una analisi diretta dei cromosomi fetali. La prima parte è stata dedicata alla ricerca e test di diversi marcatori specifici per l’arricchimento e l’identificazione delle cellule fetali. Una volta messo a punto lo step di arricchimento, quest’ultimo è stato implementato e integrato in un worklow più ampio che prevedeva: prelievi di sangue da donne in gravidanza, arricchimento positivo magnetico, marcatura delle cellule fetali, isolamento come singole cellule e analisi genetica. Appena l’intero flusso è stato standardizzato abbiamo cominciato una valutazione clinica su donne in gravidanza. Al fine di determinare la percentuale di successo e il numero di cellule fetali per campione, un totale di 372 donne sono state reclutate e stratificate in base alla loro settimana gestazionale al momento del prelievo. Al meno una cellula fetale è stata isolata nel 90.7% dei casi prelevati tra la decima e undicesima settimana gestazionale, con un numero medio totale di 3.5 cellule fetali per paziente. Inoltre dati preliminari ottenuti da 131 donne che venivano sottoposte all’esame invasivo, hanno mostrato un alto livello di concordanza tra le cellule isolate singolarmente e analizzate con la nostra metodica e i risultati derivanti dall’esame diagnostico. Complessivamente, i risultati derivanti da questo studio, supportano la fattibilità clinica di un isolamento automatico e riproducibile delle cellule fetali circolanti ottenute in maniera non invasiva, da utilizzare per le analisi genetiche. Per questo motivo uno studio clinico di valutazione delle performance comincerà a breve su 1500 pazienti, reclutate in cinque diversi ospedali italiani. Obiettivi primari di questo studio saranno la valutazione delle performance in termini di sensibilità’ e specificità del metodo sviluppato, per il rilevamento delle aneuploidie fetali nelle gravidanze ad alto rischio. I risultati saranno comparati con i dati derivanti dalla diagnosi prenatale invasiva ottenuti dalle stesse donne che eseguiranno l’amniocentesi e la villocentesi. L’analisi comparativa determinerà i falsi postivi, falsi negativi, veri postivi e veri negativi del metodo sviluppato.
(2022). A cell-based NIPD (Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis) procedure to select fetal cells from pregnant women maternal blood. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
A cell-based NIPD (Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis) procedure to select fetal cells from pregnant women maternal blood
DOFFINI, ANNA
2022
Abstract
Current methods of prenatal diagnosis require fetal cells to be obtained through invasive procedures, risky for mother and fetus. The discovery of circulating fetal cells in 1979 and the possibility that these cells could be isolated from maternal blood during pregnancy was key to the development of alternative noninvasive approaches for identifying most fetal genetic abnormalities. All these methods result in a laborious, operator depending, time-consuming approach which until now it has not allowed to achieve a high and consistent purification of fetal cells. This project aims to develop a non-invasive method for the isolation of single fetal cells from maternal blood, for direct analysis of fetal chromosomes. The first part was dedicated to the research and testing of different specific markers for fetal cells enrichment and identification. Once optimized, the enrichment step was implemented to be automatic and integrated in a full workflow consisting of: pregnant women blood collection, positive magnetic enrichment, cell staining, single cell isolation and genetic analysis. As soon as the full workflow was standardized we started a clinical evaluation. To determine the success rate and number of trophoblast per sample, a total of 372 women were enrolled and stratified by gestational age at the time of blood collection. At least one fetal cell was isolated in 90.7% of the women sampled between 10-11 gestational weeks with an overall mean number of 3.5 recovered trophoblasts per patient. Furthermore, preliminary data from 131 women, showed a high concordance rate between isolated single trophoblastic cells and fetal karyotype for common trisomies and normal results deriving from gold standard invasive procedure. Overall, the results coming out from this study support the clinical feasibility of an automated and reproducible isolation of fetal cells for non-invasive prenatal genetic testing, well suited to the routine clinical practice. For this reason a clinical performance evaluation study will start soon, on 1500 patients, enrolled from five different Italian Hospital. Primary endpoints of the study will be the performance evaluation, in terms of sensitivity and specificity, of the developed workflow for fetal aneuploidies and segmental imbalances detection in a high-risk pregnancies population. Results will be compared with data resulting from invasive prenatal diagnosis for chromosomal abnormalities obtained on the same women presenting for hospital invasive procedure because classified from the physician as high risk pregnancy. The comparative analysis will determine the false positive, false negative, true positive, and true negative rates of the developed technology.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_849370.pdf
embargo fino al 18/01/2025
Descrizione: Doffini Anna - 849370
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Doctoral thesis
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