Despite genetic predisposition occurs in 5-10 % of pediatric cancer, it is still a nebulous field, that has to be better characterized. In the adult setting, clonal evolution acts similarly, and age-dependent accumulation of somatic mutations increases the prevalence of myeloid neoplasms among older individuals. How the specific co-occurrence of somatic events predisposes to hematological malignancies have to be further clarified. In the present project, we focused our attention in dissecting the role of genetic predisposition in both childhood and adult hematological malignancies, with the purpose of improving knowledge about genetic alterations that act in pre-leukemic phase. We planned and developed our study through several tasks, characterized by the joint purpose of investigating the contribution of genetic predisposition in promote tumor transformation. Firstly, we screened a cohort of 120 consecutive diagnosis of pediatric patients affected by Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and sporadic cases with other hematological malignancies, as well as cases with familiar recurrence. Genetic profiling confirmed the crucial role of some genes in Leukemogenesis, like those belonging to Ras pathway, both in term of incidence and pathogenicity. Moreover, it shed light on germline mutations in Cohesins: these alterations, usually associated to genetic syndromes called Cohesinopathies, are not random or sporadic events, but occur with a frequency (6%) that is not negligible and worthy of further study. Considering this evidence, we made a focus on STAG1 and RAD21 germline variants. Our results demonstrated that they lead to a poor chromosomal strength and promote spontaneous instability, resulting in a lowered response to exogenous and endogenous agents, as well as defective DNA repair mechanisms. So, genes that are not classically related to full-blown stage of hematological disease, promote cancer prone conditions in pediatric patients, aggravating the risk of somatic events that are responsible of the disease’ onset. In order to evaluate the contribution of genetic predisposition in cancer considering overall the time of life, we investigated the role of clonal evolution in the adult setting. Despite it is considered normal in aging, it is also significantly associated with cardiovascular disease, as well as solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The mutational screening of 1794 oldest-old individuals allowed to establish a model based on 3 risk groups, in which differential age-dependent accumulation of somatic mutations increases prevalence of myeloid malignancies or inflammatory-associated diseases. Specifically, mutations in Splicing genes, JAK2 or the presence of multiple mutations (DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1 with additional genetic lesions), as well as variants with allele frequency ≥0.096, have a positive predictive value for myeloid neoplasms. Finally, we underlined the role of Splicing genes mutations not only as early events in pathogenesis, but also in a previous phase, as key players in determine the onset of myelodysplastic disease. Overall, a better knowledge and characterization of these alterations will have different impacts: it will improve the understanding of tumorigenesis, opening new scenarios regarding the contribution of genetic predisposition and clonal evolution to hematological malignancies. Moreover, it could have significative effects on both patients’ care and familial genetic counseling, enabling targeted surveillance strategies, and tailored therapeutical adjustments that include familiar screening in case of familiar donor in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Recenti evidenze hanno dimostrato come la predisposizione rivesta un ruolo cruciale nel 5-10% dei tumori pediatrici. Ciò nonostante, è ancora un ambito nebuloso, che va ulteriormente investigato. Nell’adulto, l’evoluzione clonale agisce in modo simile: l’accumulo di mutazioni somatiche dovuto all’età, aumenta la prevalenza di neoplasie mieloidi tra gli individui più anziani. Come specifici pathway di co-occorrenza predispongano a tumori ematologici, è da indagare in modo più approfondito. In questo studio, ci siamo focalizzati sul ruolo della predisposizione genetica nei tumori ematologici del bambino e dell’adulto, allo scopo di migliorare le conoscenze riguardo alle alterazioni genetiche che agiscono nella fase pre-leucemica. Abbiamo realizzato il nostro studio attraverso diverse tasks, caratterizzate dall’obiettivo comune di scandagliare il ruolo della predisposizione genetica nel promuovere la trasformazione neoplastica. Innanzitutto, abbiamo sequenziato una corte di 120 diagnosi consecutive di pazienti pediatrici affetti da Leucemia Linfoblastica Acuta e casi sporadici con altri tumori ematologici, così come casi con ricorrenza familiare. Il profiling genetico ha confermato il ruolo cruciale di alcuni geni nella Leucemogenesi, come quelli appartenenti al pathway di RAS, sia in termini di incidenza, sia di patogenicità. Inoltre, ha fatto luce sulle mutazioni germinali nelle Coesine: queste alterazioni, solitamente associate a sindromi genetiche denominate Coesinopatie, non sono eventi sporadici, ma si presentano con una frequenza non trascurabile (6%) e degna di ulteriori approfondimenti. Considerando questa evidenza, ci siamo focalizzati sulle varianti germinali dei geni STAG1 e RAD21. I nostri risultati hanno dimostrato che queste alterazioni sono responsabili di una scarsa coesione cromatinica, promuovono quindi instabilità genetica spontanea e sono caratterizzati da meccanismi di riparo al danno del DNA difettivi. Pertanto, geni che non sono classicamente correlati alla fase conclamata delle neoplasie ematologiche pediatriche promuovono condizioni che predispongono al cancro, aggravando infatti il rischio di eventi somatici responsabili dell’insorgere della neoplasia. Al fine di valutare il contributo della predisposizione genetica considerando tutto l’arco della vita, abbiamo investigato il ruolo dell’Evoluzione Clonale nell’adulto. Nonostante sia considerato un fenomeno fisiologico nell’invecchiamento, è anche significativamente associato a malattie cardiovascolari, tumori solidi e neoplasie ematologiche. Lo screening mutazionale di 1794 individui anziani (oltre 80 anni) ha permesso di stabilire un modello basato su tre gruppi di rischio, in cui l’accumulo differenziale di mutazioni somatiche dipendente dall’età aumenta la prevalenza di neoplasie mieloidi o malattie associate all’infiammazione. Nello specifico, le mutazioni dei geni dello Splicing, di JAK2, o la presenza di mutazioni multiple (DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1 con lesioni genetiche aggiuntive), nonché le varianti con frequenza allelica ≥ 0,096, hanno un valore predittivo positivo per le neoplasie mieloidi. Infine, abbiamo sottolineato il ruolo delle mutazioni dei geni dello Splicing non solo come eventi precoci nella patogenesi, ma anche in una fase precedente, figure chiave nel determinare l’insorgenza della malattia mielodisplasica. In conclusione, una migliore conoscenza e caratterizzazione di queste alterazioni può avere impatti clinici differenti. In primo luogo, può garantire una migliore comprensione del processo di tumorigenesi, aprendo nuovi scenari in merito al contributo della Predisposizione genetica e dell’Evoluzione Clonale nelle neoplasie ematologiche. Inoltre, può avere conseguenze significative sia nella terapia dei pazienti, sia nella consulenza genetica familiare: consentirebbe quindi strategie di sorveglianza mirate e aggiustamenti terapeutici paziente-specifici.
(2022). Predisposition to hematological malignancies in children and adults: from genetic profiling to clonal evolution. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022).
Predisposition to hematological malignancies in children and adults: from genetic profiling to clonal evolution
SAITTA, CLAUDIA
2022
Abstract
Despite genetic predisposition occurs in 5-10 % of pediatric cancer, it is still a nebulous field, that has to be better characterized. In the adult setting, clonal evolution acts similarly, and age-dependent accumulation of somatic mutations increases the prevalence of myeloid neoplasms among older individuals. How the specific co-occurrence of somatic events predisposes to hematological malignancies have to be further clarified. In the present project, we focused our attention in dissecting the role of genetic predisposition in both childhood and adult hematological malignancies, with the purpose of improving knowledge about genetic alterations that act in pre-leukemic phase. We planned and developed our study through several tasks, characterized by the joint purpose of investigating the contribution of genetic predisposition in promote tumor transformation. Firstly, we screened a cohort of 120 consecutive diagnosis of pediatric patients affected by Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and sporadic cases with other hematological malignancies, as well as cases with familiar recurrence. Genetic profiling confirmed the crucial role of some genes in Leukemogenesis, like those belonging to Ras pathway, both in term of incidence and pathogenicity. Moreover, it shed light on germline mutations in Cohesins: these alterations, usually associated to genetic syndromes called Cohesinopathies, are not random or sporadic events, but occur with a frequency (6%) that is not negligible and worthy of further study. Considering this evidence, we made a focus on STAG1 and RAD21 germline variants. Our results demonstrated that they lead to a poor chromosomal strength and promote spontaneous instability, resulting in a lowered response to exogenous and endogenous agents, as well as defective DNA repair mechanisms. So, genes that are not classically related to full-blown stage of hematological disease, promote cancer prone conditions in pediatric patients, aggravating the risk of somatic events that are responsible of the disease’ onset. In order to evaluate the contribution of genetic predisposition in cancer considering overall the time of life, we investigated the role of clonal evolution in the adult setting. Despite it is considered normal in aging, it is also significantly associated with cardiovascular disease, as well as solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The mutational screening of 1794 oldest-old individuals allowed to establish a model based on 3 risk groups, in which differential age-dependent accumulation of somatic mutations increases prevalence of myeloid malignancies or inflammatory-associated diseases. Specifically, mutations in Splicing genes, JAK2 or the presence of multiple mutations (DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1 with additional genetic lesions), as well as variants with allele frequency ≥0.096, have a positive predictive value for myeloid neoplasms. Finally, we underlined the role of Splicing genes mutations not only as early events in pathogenesis, but also in a previous phase, as key players in determine the onset of myelodysplastic disease. Overall, a better knowledge and characterization of these alterations will have different impacts: it will improve the understanding of tumorigenesis, opening new scenarios regarding the contribution of genetic predisposition and clonal evolution to hematological malignancies. Moreover, it could have significative effects on both patients’ care and familial genetic counseling, enabling targeted surveillance strategies, and tailored therapeutical adjustments that include familiar screening in case of familiar donor in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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phd_unimib_798147.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi di Saitta Claudia-798147
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Doctoral thesis
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