This thesis investigates the applicability of Raman micro-spectroscopy for CO2 density (d) and δ13CCO2 values calculations to improve characterisation of CO2 Earth’s fluid trapped as fluid inclusions (FI) in peridotites. Based on the properties of CO2 Raman spectrum, where the distance of two main vibrations is d-dependent and 13CO2 and 12CO2 vibrations are present, Raman micro-spectroscopy has the potential to become a complementary technique for in situ characterisation of CO2 FI, allowing to better understand the C transport mechanisms within Earth. The calculation of CCO2 isotopic composition by mean of Raman micro-spectroscopy is possible due to the proportionality between 13CO2 and 12CO2 areas with their molar concentration. Calculation of area ratios requires precision at 4th decimal place to obtain δ13CCO2 values representative of Earth’s natural reservoirs. Raman spectra are affected by unavoidable random effects that reduce area measurements’ precision. 42 high-d CO2-pure FI from Lake Tana region and El Hierro have been analysed. For each inclusion, two sets of spectra have been acquired by mean of different acquisition times. Among the 84 set of measurements, 23 were characterised by 13CO2/12CO2 area ratios differing more than one order of magnitude one another. These have been removed from dataset. 95% of remaining 61 sets were characterised by area ratios reproducibility <≈4‰, allowing to calculate FI δ13CCO2 values with precision <±≈2‰. Only few analyses were characterised by lower precision. Calculated δ13CCO2 values for FI trapped in peridotites from Lake Tana region showed CO2 mantle origin, while for those in peridotites from El Hierro differed from mantle isotopic signature. Accuracy of measurement has been checked by bulk measurements, proving that calculated δ13CCO2 values were accurate, and allowing to model δ13CCO2 variations at single mineral scale. The adoption of Raman micro-spectroscopy for calculating CO2 fluid d has been previously investigated. Many densimeter equations calculate different d for the same Δ values, with a bimodal graphic distribution, whose origin was not well understood. The origin of this distribution has been investigated in present work by calculating the d of 40 CO2-pure FI trapped in mantle xenoliths from El Hierro by mean of microthermometry. CO2 FI Δ values have been measured by acquiring Raman spectra applying analytical parameters common to those adopted for other densimeter equations, with spectral per px resolution ≈1.50 cm-1/px. A 3rd order polynomial equation best fitted obtained Δ-d data distribution. Equation calculates CO2 d with an error of ±0.015 g/cm3, and plots with those obtained by mean of a similar spectral per px resolution. The 95% confidence interval (CI) of Δ-d distribution for all the equations has been calculated by a bootstrapping statistical algorithm. CIs allowed to assess the accuracy of measured Δ-d values and define a cut-off point below which the CO2 d estimation power is low. For all the densimeters, cut-off point has been set where the relative distances of computed CIs were <7.5%, which corresponded for all the equations to gas-like CO2 at ambient conditions. The comparison of 95% CIs calculated for high and low spectral resolution per px equations showed that densimeters with similar spectral per px resolution calculate statistically equivalent CO2 d at 95% confidence. In contrast, densimeters with different resolution calculate incomparable CO2 d.Obtained results allowed to preliminarily propose an analytical procedure to calculate in situ δ13CCO2 with a precision of ≈±2% for 95% of the analyses. Moreover, these improved the knowledge about Δ-d distribution of Raman densimeters, indicating that CO2 d calculated by mean of equations having similar spectral resolution are statistically equivalent at 95% confidence for CO2 FI having d values near and above the CO2 critical point.

Questa tesi indaga l'applicabilità della micro-spettroscopia Raman per migliorare la caratterizzazione dei fluidi a CO2 terrestri, intrappolati come inclusioni fluide (FI) nelle peridotiti. Nello spettro Raman della CO2, la distanza delle due vibrazioni fondamentali è densità (d) dipendente, inoltre sono visibili le vibrazioni 13CO2 e 12CO2. Ciò permette alla micro-spettroscopia Raman di avere il potenziale per caratterizzare in situ FI a CO2, consentendo di comprendere meglio i meccanismi di trasporto del C all'interno della Terra. La proporzionalità tra le aree 13CO2 e 12CO2 con la loro concentrazione molare permette di calcolare il δ13CCO2 tramite micro-spettroscopia Raman. I rapporti delle aree richiedono precisione sulla 4° decimale per dare valori di δ13CCO2 rappresentativi dei serbatoi naturali terrestri. Gli spettri Raman sono influenzati da inevitabili effetti casuali che riducono la precisione dell'area. 42 FI a CO2 pura di alta d, provenienti dalla regione del Lago Tana e da El Hierro, sono state analizzate. Per ogni FI sono state acquisite due serie di spettri con tempi di acquisizione diversi. Di 84 serie di analisi, 23 avevano rapporti di area 13CO2/12CO2 diversi tra loro di più di un ordine di grandezza. Questi sono stati rimossi dal dataset. Il 95% dei restanti 61 set aveva riproducibilità dei rapporti di area <≈4‰, consentendo di calcolare valori di δ13CCO2 con precisione <±≈2‰. Solo poche analisi erano caratterizzate da una minore precisione. I valori di δ13CCO2 calcolati per FI nelle peridotiti dalla regione del Lago Tana hanno mostrato un’origine di mantello per la CO2, mentre quelli nelle peridotiti di El Hierro dai valori tipici di mantello. L'accuratezza delle misure è stata verificata tramite spettrometria di massa. Questa ha dimostrato che i valori di δ13CCO2 calcolati erano accurati, e consentivano di modellare la variazione isotopica a scala minerale. L’applicabilità della micro-spettroscopia Raman come densimetro per i fluidi a CO2 è stata precedentemente studiata. Molte equazioni di densimetro calcolano d differenti per gli stessi Δ, con distribuzione grafica bimodale, la cui origine non è stata ben compresa. L'origine di questa distribuzione è stata studiata nel presente lavoro calcolando la d di 40 FI a CO2 pura, provenienti da El Hierro, mediante microtermometria. I Δ sono stati misurati acquisendo spettri Raman con una procedura simile a quella adottata per altri densimetri, con risoluzione spettrale per px ≈1,50 cm-1/px. La distribuzione dei dati Δ-d è stata fittata al meglio con un'equazione polinomiale di III°, permettendo di calcolare le d della CO2 con un errore di ±0.015 g/cm3. L’equazione plottava con quelle ottenute mediante una risoluzione spettrale per px simile. Gli intervalli di confidenza al 95% della distribuzione Δ-d per tutte le equazioni sono stati calcolati mediante un algoritmo statistico. I CI hanno permesso di valutare l'accuratezza dei valori Δ-d e di definire un punto di cut-off al di sotto del quale la potenza di stima della d era bassa. Per tutti i densimetri, il punto di cut-off corrispondeva al punto in cui le distanze relative dei CI erano <7.5% (coincidenti con CO2 gassosa a P-T ambiente). Il confronto tra CI al 95% delle equazioni a bassa ed alta risoluzione spettrale per px ha mostrato che densimetri con risoluzione calcolano d statisticamente equivalente con una confidenza del 95%. Al contrario, densimetri con risoluzione diversa calcolano d non confrontabili. I risultati ottenuti hanno consentito di proporre un metodo preliminare per calcolare in situ i δ13CCO2 con una precisione ≈±2% per il 95% delle analisi. Inoltre, questi hanno migliorato la conoscenza della distribuzione Δ-d dei densimetri Raman, indicando che d di CO2 calcolate per mezzo di equazioni con risoluzione spettrale simile sono statisticamente equivalenti al 95% di confidenza per FI aventi d vicino e al di sopra del punto critico di CO2.

(2021). On the application of Raman micro-spectroscopy to the characterization of Earth's CO2 fluids. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).

On the application of Raman micro-spectroscopy to the characterization of Earth's CO2 fluids

REMIGI, SAMANTHA
2021

Abstract

This thesis investigates the applicability of Raman micro-spectroscopy for CO2 density (d) and δ13CCO2 values calculations to improve characterisation of CO2 Earth’s fluid trapped as fluid inclusions (FI) in peridotites. Based on the properties of CO2 Raman spectrum, where the distance of two main vibrations is d-dependent and 13CO2 and 12CO2 vibrations are present, Raman micro-spectroscopy has the potential to become a complementary technique for in situ characterisation of CO2 FI, allowing to better understand the C transport mechanisms within Earth. The calculation of CCO2 isotopic composition by mean of Raman micro-spectroscopy is possible due to the proportionality between 13CO2 and 12CO2 areas with their molar concentration. Calculation of area ratios requires precision at 4th decimal place to obtain δ13CCO2 values representative of Earth’s natural reservoirs. Raman spectra are affected by unavoidable random effects that reduce area measurements’ precision. 42 high-d CO2-pure FI from Lake Tana region and El Hierro have been analysed. For each inclusion, two sets of spectra have been acquired by mean of different acquisition times. Among the 84 set of measurements, 23 were characterised by 13CO2/12CO2 area ratios differing more than one order of magnitude one another. These have been removed from dataset. 95% of remaining 61 sets were characterised by area ratios reproducibility <≈4‰, allowing to calculate FI δ13CCO2 values with precision <±≈2‰. Only few analyses were characterised by lower precision. Calculated δ13CCO2 values for FI trapped in peridotites from Lake Tana region showed CO2 mantle origin, while for those in peridotites from El Hierro differed from mantle isotopic signature. Accuracy of measurement has been checked by bulk measurements, proving that calculated δ13CCO2 values were accurate, and allowing to model δ13CCO2 variations at single mineral scale. The adoption of Raman micro-spectroscopy for calculating CO2 fluid d has been previously investigated. Many densimeter equations calculate different d for the same Δ values, with a bimodal graphic distribution, whose origin was not well understood. The origin of this distribution has been investigated in present work by calculating the d of 40 CO2-pure FI trapped in mantle xenoliths from El Hierro by mean of microthermometry. CO2 FI Δ values have been measured by acquiring Raman spectra applying analytical parameters common to those adopted for other densimeter equations, with spectral per px resolution ≈1.50 cm-1/px. A 3rd order polynomial equation best fitted obtained Δ-d data distribution. Equation calculates CO2 d with an error of ±0.015 g/cm3, and plots with those obtained by mean of a similar spectral per px resolution. The 95% confidence interval (CI) of Δ-d distribution for all the equations has been calculated by a bootstrapping statistical algorithm. CIs allowed to assess the accuracy of measured Δ-d values and define a cut-off point below which the CO2 d estimation power is low. For all the densimeters, cut-off point has been set where the relative distances of computed CIs were <7.5%, which corresponded for all the equations to gas-like CO2 at ambient conditions. The comparison of 95% CIs calculated for high and low spectral resolution per px equations showed that densimeters with similar spectral per px resolution calculate statistically equivalent CO2 d at 95% confidence. In contrast, densimeters with different resolution calculate incomparable CO2 d.Obtained results allowed to preliminarily propose an analytical procedure to calculate in situ δ13CCO2 with a precision of ≈±2% for 95% of the analyses. Moreover, these improved the knowledge about Δ-d distribution of Raman densimeters, indicating that CO2 d calculated by mean of equations having similar spectral resolution are statistically equivalent at 95% confidence for CO2 FI having d values near and above the CO2 critical point.
FREZZOTTI, MARIA LUCE
CO2 fluids; Raman spectroscopy; CO2 density; δ13CCO2; mantle fluids
CO2 fluids; Raman spectroscopy; CO2 density; δ13CCO2; mantle fluids
GEO/07 - PETROLOGIA E PETROGRAFIA
English
19-lug-2021
SCIENZE CHIMICHE&#44; GEOLOGICHE E AMBIENTALI
33
2019/2020
open
(2021). On the application of Raman micro-spectroscopy to the characterization of Earth's CO2 fluids. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).
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Descrizione: On the application of Raman micro-Spectroscopy to the characterisation of Earth's CO2 fluids
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/325898
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