The purpose of this research is to understand if and how the Millennial generation is contributing to a transition towards more sustainable travel behaviours in Europe. The study uses a comparative approach on a cohort and territorial basis. On one hand it analyses the differences between the Millennials, which are experiencing a general decrease in car use/ownership if compared with previous cohorts, and the Baby Boomers, which are seen to be highly car-dependent – even after retirement. On the other hand, it considers the territorial differences among EU clusters of countries and degrees of urbanisation. The methods include secondary analysis of EU-wide datasets with descriptive and geographic analysis and logistic regression on socio-demographic characteristics and modal choice, plus a series of focus group sessions across the Italian territory. According with the results, it is confirmed that Millennials have less polluting habits than their predecessors: less car use/ownership, less probability of being car users independently from context/status, higher degree of urbanisation. Nonetheless, in recent years this trend is experiencing a change of direction, with a general rise in car use/ownership and declining urbanisation, with different paces and schemes amongst clusters of countries and territorial contexts. The main results suggest that i) with the improvement of their individual status and general European economic recovery, Millennials’ car use tends to rise; ii) the pace and extent of this rise is highly dependent on the regional and territorial context, with a substantial incidence of Eastern and PIIGS countries and of the ones living in suburban contexts., resulting in an overall rise in car use in Europe. Indeed, the regression analysis, together with the qualitative study, showed that what really makes the difference in choosing or not the car as the main mode is not much the fact of belonging to a cohort, but the residential location (both urban/rural and regional cultural/economic context), and the “status” (income level; being a student). Millennials are now more urban and still in education, but in many of them persists the idea of a future in less urban areas, and/or an inevitable automobility once they are out of the student-period. Though, the study highlights the importance of the relationship between the two cohorts, drawing attention on the peculiarities of Millennials (more formative experiences of car-less life abroad/in different cities; more pragmatic yet conflictual relationship with the car), but also on them as heirs to the Baby Boomers’ choices and systems of values and habits (suburban way of life as a legacy). The study demonstrates the power of the cohort effect (set of values, education, growing up context) in shaping car (in)dependent people; showing as well that car dependency cannot be overcome without working on places. It finally offers a scheme of car (in)dependency to guide policy actions to make both people and places less car dependent in the long term.

Lo scopo di questa indagine è arricchire il dibattito relativo a se e quanto la generazione dei Millennials sta contribuendo a una transizione verso forme di mobilità più sostenibili, mantenendo una prospettiva Europea. Lo studio utilizza un approccio comparativo dal punto di vista sia generazionale che territoriale. Da un lato analizza le differenze tra i Millennials, tra cui si nota un calo nell’uso e possesso di automobili rispetto alle generazioni precedenti, e i Baby Boomers, che sono caratterizzati da un’alta dipendenza dall’auto, anche dopo il pensionamento. Dall’altro lato, considera anche le differenze territoriali tra cluster di regioni Europee e diversi livelli di urbanizzazione. Il metodo include un’analisi secondaria di dataset Europei con analisi descrittive e geografiche, una regressione logistica su scelta modale e variabili socio-demografiche, e una serie di focus group condotti nel territorio italiano. I risultati confermano che i Millennials hanno abitudini di mobilità meno inquinanti dei loro predecessori: minore uso e possesso dell’auto, minore probabilità di scegliere l’auto a parità di condizioni socio-territoriali, maggiore grado di urbanizzazione. Tuttavia, negli ultimi anni, questo trend sta cambiando di direzione, con un generale aumento nell’uso e possesso di auto e un allontanamento dalle grandi città, pur seguendo ritmi e schemi diversi nei diversi cluster regionali e contesti territoriali. I principali risultati infatti suggeriscono che i) con il consolidamento del loro status individuale e la generale ripresa economica in Europa, l’uso dell’auto tende ad aumentare tra i Millennials; ii) l’intensità e le dinamiche di questo aumento dipendono molto dal contesto territoriale, con una forte incidenza delle regioni est europee, PIIGS e suburbane, dando come risultato finale un generale aumento dell’uso dell’automobile in Europa. Di fatto, l’analisi di regressione e lo studio qualitativo dimostrano che quello che fa la differenza nella scelta o meno dell’auto come mezzo principale non è tanto l’appartenenza a una certa generazione, quanto il contesto territoriale (economico/culturale così come più o meno urbanizzato) e lo status (livello di reddito; essere studenti). I Millennials sono ora più urbani e spesso ancora studenti, ma in molti di loro si coglie l’idea di un futuro in aree meno urbane, e/o un inevitabile ricorso all’automobile una volta usciti dal periodo di formazione. Allo stesso tempo, lo studio ha messo in luce l’importanza della relazione tra le due coorti, portando attenzione sulle peculiarità dei Millennials (più esperienze di vita senza auto all’estero o in altre città; relazione con l’auto più pragmatica e conflittuale), ma anche su di essi in quanto eredi delle scelte e dei sistemi di valori e abitudini dei Baby Boomers (stile di vita suburbano come “eredità”). La ricerca dimostra dunque la forza dell’effetto generazionale (set di valori, istruzione, contesti di crescita) nella generazione di car (in)dependent people; mostrando anche però che la dipendenza dall’auto non può essere superata senza agire anche sui luoghi. La ricerca offre infine uno schema di car (in)dependency per guidare azioni di policy mirate a rendere sia le persone che i luoghi meno dipendenti dall’auto nel lungo periodo.

(2021). Towards a sustainable mobility transition? A cohort approach for Millennials and Baby Boomers in Europe. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).

Towards a sustainable mobility transition? A cohort approach for Millennials and Baby Boomers in Europe

COLLI, ELENA
2021

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to understand if and how the Millennial generation is contributing to a transition towards more sustainable travel behaviours in Europe. The study uses a comparative approach on a cohort and territorial basis. On one hand it analyses the differences between the Millennials, which are experiencing a general decrease in car use/ownership if compared with previous cohorts, and the Baby Boomers, which are seen to be highly car-dependent – even after retirement. On the other hand, it considers the territorial differences among EU clusters of countries and degrees of urbanisation. The methods include secondary analysis of EU-wide datasets with descriptive and geographic analysis and logistic regression on socio-demographic characteristics and modal choice, plus a series of focus group sessions across the Italian territory. According with the results, it is confirmed that Millennials have less polluting habits than their predecessors: less car use/ownership, less probability of being car users independently from context/status, higher degree of urbanisation. Nonetheless, in recent years this trend is experiencing a change of direction, with a general rise in car use/ownership and declining urbanisation, with different paces and schemes amongst clusters of countries and territorial contexts. The main results suggest that i) with the improvement of their individual status and general European economic recovery, Millennials’ car use tends to rise; ii) the pace and extent of this rise is highly dependent on the regional and territorial context, with a substantial incidence of Eastern and PIIGS countries and of the ones living in suburban contexts., resulting in an overall rise in car use in Europe. Indeed, the regression analysis, together with the qualitative study, showed that what really makes the difference in choosing or not the car as the main mode is not much the fact of belonging to a cohort, but the residential location (both urban/rural and regional cultural/economic context), and the “status” (income level; being a student). Millennials are now more urban and still in education, but in many of them persists the idea of a future in less urban areas, and/or an inevitable automobility once they are out of the student-period. Though, the study highlights the importance of the relationship between the two cohorts, drawing attention on the peculiarities of Millennials (more formative experiences of car-less life abroad/in different cities; more pragmatic yet conflictual relationship with the car), but also on them as heirs to the Baby Boomers’ choices and systems of values and habits (suburban way of life as a legacy). The study demonstrates the power of the cohort effect (set of values, education, growing up context) in shaping car (in)dependent people; showing as well that car dependency cannot be overcome without working on places. It finally offers a scheme of car (in)dependency to guide policy actions to make both people and places less car dependent in the long term.
COLLEONI, MATTEO
Mobilità; Millennials; Baby Boomers; Europa; Transizione
Sustainable mobility; Travel behaviour; Transition; Environmental policy; Transizione
SPS/10 - SOCIOLOGIA DELL'AMBIENTE E DEL TERRITORIO
English
30-apr-2021
URBEUR-STUDI URBANI
33
2019/2020
open
(2021). Towards a sustainable mobility transition? A cohort approach for Millennials and Baby Boomers in Europe. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/315630
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