Low-Temperature Heat (LTH), below of 100°C, has elicited great interest among the scientific community, as a source of energy since it does not see any form of utilization as it is currently simply released into the environment. Its conversion would open the doors to the exploitation of a huge amount of energy as well, such as geothermal, solar, and industrial waste heat. The conversion efficiencies of LTH are low because of the limitations imposed by Carnot law, as well as the existence of technological limits which further reduce the efficiency of the conversion of LTH. In order to be suitable for extensive industrial production, LTH converters should show high power densities, scalable and efficient whilst being cost-effective; to this point, the devices proposed for this afore mentioned application all failed to achieve suitable efficiencies and power density, making the LTH conversion unfeasible. This PhD project was focused on the design of a device called Thermally Regenerable Redox-Flow Battery (TRB) consisting of a redox-flow battery that can be recharged by a thermal process. The device is based upon a two-stages technology composed by a “power production” stage and a “thermal” stage: power production happens in an electrochemical cell which release electricity at the expenses of the mixing free energy of two water solutions of the same salt at different concentrations, referred to as a concentration cell. When the two solutions reach the same concentration, the exhausted fluid is sent to the second stage, the thermal process, which regenerates the initial mixing free energy, by exploiting LTH sources, through vacuum distillation. The efficiency of the technology is the product between the efficiencies of the units in the device where both stages happen: the electrochemical cell, engineered for power production, and a distillation unit, designed to be responsible for thermal conversion. NaI/I2 and LiBr/Br2 water solutions will be the most discussed redox couple in this thesis, as result of thermodynamic analysis that have shown the importance related to the solvent and salt choice to ensure high energy conversion efficiencies. The achieved results, as well as the main research activities, are briefly reported here: starting from the determination of the activity coefficients, mixing free energy of the initial solutions, and the open circuit voltage of the electrochemical are calculated. Electrochemical cells are specifically designed for both systems while electrochemical tests are performed to evaluate the main performances of the devices, such as power density and electrochemical efficiency. Modeling of the operational conditions of the thermal stage allows to determine the distillation efficiency for both the solutions. The initial experiments prove an unprecedented heat-to-electricity efficiency for both the systems: 3% for TRB-NaI and 4-5% for TRB based on LiBr, depending on the thickness of the membrane with a power density output of almost 10 W m-2 for both technologies, which opens various possibilities to implement further improvements into this new class of energy storage/converter devices.

Il calore a bassa temperatura (LTH), inferiore a 100°C, è una forma di energia largamente disponibile che viene dispersa nell’ambiente, senza alcun utilizzo. La conversione di questo tipo di energia in elettricità aprirebbe le porte allo sfruttamento di fonti energetiche come il calore solare, geotermico e di scarto industriale. La conversione di LTH in elettricità non è però un processo efficiente a causa dei limiti posti dalla termodinamica, con la cosiddetta legge di Carnot, oltre che ai limiti tecnologici che riducono ulteriormente la conversione di questa forma di energia. I dispositivi preposti per convertire LTH in elettricità devono poter operare con alte efficienze e potenze, e devono essere facilmente scalabili ed economici. Purtroppo, attualmente nessun dispositivo è in grado di effettuare questa conversione con potenze ed efficienze abbastanza elevate da giustificare gli alti costi (materiali, operazionali e manutenzione) e la complessità dei dispositivi stessi ed è per questo motivo che LTH non trova tutt’ora alcuna applicazione Questo progetto di ricerca si è focalizzato sullo sviluppo di un dispositivo in grado di convertire LTH in maniera efficiente e con alte potenze. Tale dispositivo, chiamato Thermally Regnerable Redox-Flow Battery, TRB, è una batteria a flusso ricaricabile termicamente. Il dispositivo conta due diverse processi: la produzione energetica, che avviene in una cella elettrochimica in grado di produrre elettricità alle spese dell’energia libera di mescolamento di due soluzioni acquose dello stesso sale ma a diversa concentrazione. Quando le due soluzioni raggiungono la stessa concentrazione, la soluzione esausta viene mandata al secondo processo: un distillatore sottovuoto che rigenera il gradiente di concentrazione tra le due soluzioni sfruttando risorse di LTH. L’efficienza totale del dispositivo è quindi data dal prodotto tra l’efficienza della cella elettrochimica e l’efficienza del distillatore. Studi termodinamici dimostrano che per incrementare tale efficienza è fondamentale lavorare sull’efficienza del distillatore, il cui valore dipende dalla scelta del soluto e del solvente. In particolare, per questo lavoro di ricerca si è scelto di operare con soluzioni acquose di NaI/I2 e LiBr/Br2. I risultati raggiunti e le principali attività di ricerca vengono riportate brevemente in questo abstract: Con la determinazione dei coefficienti di attività, si è calcolato l’energia libera di mescolamento e il potenziale a circuito aperto per entrambi i set di soluzioni (NaI e LiBr). Le celle elettrochimiche sono state sviluppate specificamente per entrambi I sistemi studiati e test elettrochimici hanno permesso di valutare le performance dei due dispositivi, come potenza ed efficienza elettrochimica. La distillazione è stata modellizzata in modo da definire le condizioni ottimali di lavoro e determinare l’efficienza del processo.

(2021). Thermally Regenerable Redox-Flow Batteries. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).

Thermally Regenerable Redox-Flow Batteries

FACCHINETTI, IRENE
2021

Abstract

Low-Temperature Heat (LTH), below of 100°C, has elicited great interest among the scientific community, as a source of energy since it does not see any form of utilization as it is currently simply released into the environment. Its conversion would open the doors to the exploitation of a huge amount of energy as well, such as geothermal, solar, and industrial waste heat. The conversion efficiencies of LTH are low because of the limitations imposed by Carnot law, as well as the existence of technological limits which further reduce the efficiency of the conversion of LTH. In order to be suitable for extensive industrial production, LTH converters should show high power densities, scalable and efficient whilst being cost-effective; to this point, the devices proposed for this afore mentioned application all failed to achieve suitable efficiencies and power density, making the LTH conversion unfeasible. This PhD project was focused on the design of a device called Thermally Regenerable Redox-Flow Battery (TRB) consisting of a redox-flow battery that can be recharged by a thermal process. The device is based upon a two-stages technology composed by a “power production” stage and a “thermal” stage: power production happens in an electrochemical cell which release electricity at the expenses of the mixing free energy of two water solutions of the same salt at different concentrations, referred to as a concentration cell. When the two solutions reach the same concentration, the exhausted fluid is sent to the second stage, the thermal process, which regenerates the initial mixing free energy, by exploiting LTH sources, through vacuum distillation. The efficiency of the technology is the product between the efficiencies of the units in the device where both stages happen: the electrochemical cell, engineered for power production, and a distillation unit, designed to be responsible for thermal conversion. NaI/I2 and LiBr/Br2 water solutions will be the most discussed redox couple in this thesis, as result of thermodynamic analysis that have shown the importance related to the solvent and salt choice to ensure high energy conversion efficiencies. The achieved results, as well as the main research activities, are briefly reported here: starting from the determination of the activity coefficients, mixing free energy of the initial solutions, and the open circuit voltage of the electrochemical are calculated. Electrochemical cells are specifically designed for both systems while electrochemical tests are performed to evaluate the main performances of the devices, such as power density and electrochemical efficiency. Modeling of the operational conditions of the thermal stage allows to determine the distillation efficiency for both the solutions. The initial experiments prove an unprecedented heat-to-electricity efficiency for both the systems: 3% for TRB-NaI and 4-5% for TRB based on LiBr, depending on the thickness of the membrane with a power density output of almost 10 W m-2 for both technologies, which opens various possibilities to implement further improvements into this new class of energy storage/converter devices.
MUSTARELLI, PIERCARLO
RUFFO, RICCARDO
Conversione calore; Batteria a flusso; membrana ceramica; coppie redox; efficienza termica
redox-flow cell; low-temperature heat; ceramic membrane; concentration cell; efficienza termica
CHIM/02 - CHIMICA FISICA
Italian
17-mar-2021
SCIENZE CHIMICHE, GEOLOGICHE E AMBIENTALI
33
2019/2020
open
(2021). Thermally Regenerable Redox-Flow Batteries. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/308694
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