Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome (SDS, OMIM 260400) is a multi-organ disorder mainly characterized by bone marrow (BM) dysfunctions and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. SDS patients present also severe haematologic abnormalities, with neutropenia as the most common deficiency. Of note, SDS patients have an increased risk for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and malignant transformation to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). In the first part of this work, we focused our attention on the in vitro angiogenic capability of SDS-mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Angiogenesis is not only involved in the pathogenesis of solid tumours, but also in haematological malignancies. MSCs can potentiate angiogenesis via direct cell differentiation, cell-cell interaction, and autocrine or paracrine effects. Using both in vitro and in vivo models, our research group recently demonstrated that SDS-MSCs display a marked impairment in their angiogenic potential. Here, we confirm that SDS-derived cells obtained from a cohort of 10 patients show altered angiogenic properties in response to angiogenic stimuli and that the defective in vitro tube formation is associated with TGFβ1/VEGFA signalling abnormalities. Indeed, we show that the expression of several growth factors able to increase the endogenous release of VEGFA and to be induced by TGFβ1 is down-regulated in SDS- vs HD-MSCs. Moreover, by providing the exogenous administration of VEGFA or TGFβ1, we demonstrate that only SDS-MSCs from severely neutropenic patients can restore their angiogenic properties. Finally, our data also show that under angiogenic stimulation, P53 protein levels are 2-fold increase in SDS- vs HD-MSCs, as well as the number of early/late apoptotic cells. Collectively, our results suggest a strong link between TGFβ1 and VEGFA in dictating the altered in vitro angiogenic capability of SDS-MSCs. Moreover, we provide a rational to investigate whether the defective angiogenesis driven by SDS-MSCs could be related to neutropenia. The better comprehension of the molecular mechanisms regulating neutrophil number and functionality may lead to novel strategies for the management of recurrent SDS infections. The second part of our study was focused on the analysis of the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways responsible of SDS patients neutropenia, and evolution to MDS or AML. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key regulator of several cellular processes including neutrophil granulogenesis, leukaemia, and lymphoma malignant transformation. Firstly recognised as an interleukin-6 (IL6)-activated transcription factor, nowadays STAT3 is also considered a direct substrate for the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Recently, it has been demonstrated that both mTOR and STAT3 pathways are constitutively up-regulated in primary leukocytes and lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from SDS patients. Here, we show that mTOR-STAT3 signalling is markedly up-regulated in several cell subsets belonging to the lymphoid compartment of SDS patients. Furthermore, our data reveal elevated IL6 levels in cellular supernatants obtained from lymphoblasts, bone marrow mononuclear and mesenchymal stromal cells, and plasma samples obtained from a cohort of 10 patients. Of note, everolimus-mediated inhibition of mTOR signalling was associated with the basal state of phosphorylated STAT3. Finally, inhibition of mTOR-STAT3 pathway leads to normalization of IL6 expression in SDS cells. Altogether, our data strengthen the hypothesis that SDS affects both lymphoid and myeloid blood compartment and suggest everolimus as a potential therapeutic agent to reduce excessive mTOR-STAT3 activation in SDS [Vella A., et al. 2020]. The discovery of new altered molecular pathways underlying SDS pathophysiology could lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets for the correction of SDS-related haematological defects and the prevention of leukemic evolution.

La sindrome Shawachman-Diamond (SDS) è una malattia multi-organo caratterizzata da disfunzioni midollari ed insufficienza pancreatica. I pazienti SDS sono inoltre soggetti a sviluppo di anomalie ematologiche gravi, quali neutropenia, SMD e/o LMA. Nella prima parte di questo lavoro ci siano focalizzati sullo studio dell’alterata capacità angiogenica in vitro delle MSCs derivate da pazienti SDS. L’angiogenesi non coinvolge solo la patogenesi dei tumori solidi, ma anche lo sviluppo delle malattie ematologiche. Le MSCs sono in grado di supportare l’angiogenesi attraverso il differenziamento cellulare, l’interazione cellula-cellula e mediante meccanismi autocrini o paracrini. Grazie a modelli in vivo ed in vitro, il nostro gruppo di ricerca ha recentemente dimostrato come le SDS-MSCs siano caratterizzate da un alterato potenziale angiogenico. Qui, abbiamo confermato l’anomala capacità angiogenica in vitro delle cellule mesenchimali SDS dopo stimolazione angiogenica. Abbiamo dimostrato come questa alterazione sia associata a cambiamenti nel pathway di segnalazione TGFβ1/VEGFA. Infatti, l’espressione di diversi fattori di crescita in grado di stimolare il rilascio endogeno di VEGFA ed in grado di essere indotti da TGFβ1 è down-regolata nelle SDS- vs HD-MSCs. Inoltre, la somministrazione esogena di TGFβ1 o VEGFA permette la reversione del fenotipo angiogenico solo nelle cellule mesenchimali derivanti dai pazienti gravemente neutropenici. In fine, abbiamo dimostrano che a seguito di stimolo angiogenico i livelli proteici di P53 sono raddoppiati nelle SDS-MSCs vs HD-MSCs, analogamente al numero di cellule in apoptosi precoce e tardiva. Complessivamente, i nostri dati indicano un forte collegamento tra TGFβ1 e VEGFA nella modulazione dell’alterata capacità in vitro delle SDS-MSCs. Inoltre, forniscono un razionale per futuri studi mirati alla comprensione della correlazione tra angiogenesi e grado di neutropenia dei pazienti. Una migliore comprensione dei meccanismi molecolari alla base della regolazione del numero e della funzionalità dei neutrofili potrebbe portare a nuove strategie terapeutiche atte alla gestione delle infezioni ricorrenti dei pazienti SDS. La seconda parte del lavoro, invece, si è focalizzata sull’analisi dei meccanismi molecolari e dei pathways di segnalazione responsabili della neutropenia e dell’evoluzione SMD o LMA dei pazienti SDS. STAT3 è un regolatore di diversi processi cellulari, quali granulogenesi dei neutrofili, leucemia e trasformazione maligna del linfoma. Inizialmente riconosciuto come un fattore di trascrizione attivato da IL6, oggi è anche considerato un substrato diretto di mTOR. Recentemente, è stato dimostrato che mTOR e STAT3 sono costitutivamente up-regolati in leucociti primari e linee cellulari linfoblastoidi derivati da pazienti SDS. In questo lavoro, dimostriamo che la via di segnalazione mTOR-STAT3 è up-regolata anche in altre tipologie cellulari appartenenti alla linea linfoide dei pazienti SDS. Inoltre, i nostri dati rivelano elevati livelli di IL6 sia in surnatanti cellulari derivanti da linfoblasti, cellule mononucleate di midollo osseo e mesenchimali, sia in campioni di plasma ottenuti da una coorte di 10 pazienti SDS. Da notare che, l’inibizione di mTOR mediata da everolimus riporta a livelli basali la fosforilazione di STAT3. In ultimo, l’inibizione di mTOR-STAT3 porta alla normalizzazione dei livelli di espressione di IL6. Complessivamente, i nostri dati rafforzano l’ipotesi che la sindrome SDS interessa sia il compartimento linfoide che mieloide e suggerisce everolimus come potenziale agente terapeutico per ridurre l’eccessiva attivazione del pathway mTOR-STAT3 [Vella A., et al. 2020]. La scoperta di nuove alterazioni nei pathway molecolari che regolano la sindrome SDS potrebbe permettere l’individuazione di target terapeutici mirati al miglioramento delle alterazioni ematologiche ed all’evoluzione leucemica di questi pazienti.

(2021). Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome: an autosomal recessive inherited bone marrow failure disorder with defective angiogenesis and lymphoid lineage impairment. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).

Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome: an autosomal recessive inherited bone marrow failure disorder with defective angiogenesis and lymphoid lineage impairment

BEDINI, GLORIA
2021

Abstract

Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome (SDS, OMIM 260400) is a multi-organ disorder mainly characterized by bone marrow (BM) dysfunctions and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. SDS patients present also severe haematologic abnormalities, with neutropenia as the most common deficiency. Of note, SDS patients have an increased risk for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and malignant transformation to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). In the first part of this work, we focused our attention on the in vitro angiogenic capability of SDS-mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Angiogenesis is not only involved in the pathogenesis of solid tumours, but also in haematological malignancies. MSCs can potentiate angiogenesis via direct cell differentiation, cell-cell interaction, and autocrine or paracrine effects. Using both in vitro and in vivo models, our research group recently demonstrated that SDS-MSCs display a marked impairment in their angiogenic potential. Here, we confirm that SDS-derived cells obtained from a cohort of 10 patients show altered angiogenic properties in response to angiogenic stimuli and that the defective in vitro tube formation is associated with TGFβ1/VEGFA signalling abnormalities. Indeed, we show that the expression of several growth factors able to increase the endogenous release of VEGFA and to be induced by TGFβ1 is down-regulated in SDS- vs HD-MSCs. Moreover, by providing the exogenous administration of VEGFA or TGFβ1, we demonstrate that only SDS-MSCs from severely neutropenic patients can restore their angiogenic properties. Finally, our data also show that under angiogenic stimulation, P53 protein levels are 2-fold increase in SDS- vs HD-MSCs, as well as the number of early/late apoptotic cells. Collectively, our results suggest a strong link between TGFβ1 and VEGFA in dictating the altered in vitro angiogenic capability of SDS-MSCs. Moreover, we provide a rational to investigate whether the defective angiogenesis driven by SDS-MSCs could be related to neutropenia. The better comprehension of the molecular mechanisms regulating neutrophil number and functionality may lead to novel strategies for the management of recurrent SDS infections. The second part of our study was focused on the analysis of the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways responsible of SDS patients neutropenia, and evolution to MDS or AML. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key regulator of several cellular processes including neutrophil granulogenesis, leukaemia, and lymphoma malignant transformation. Firstly recognised as an interleukin-6 (IL6)-activated transcription factor, nowadays STAT3 is also considered a direct substrate for the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Recently, it has been demonstrated that both mTOR and STAT3 pathways are constitutively up-regulated in primary leukocytes and lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from SDS patients. Here, we show that mTOR-STAT3 signalling is markedly up-regulated in several cell subsets belonging to the lymphoid compartment of SDS patients. Furthermore, our data reveal elevated IL6 levels in cellular supernatants obtained from lymphoblasts, bone marrow mononuclear and mesenchymal stromal cells, and plasma samples obtained from a cohort of 10 patients. Of note, everolimus-mediated inhibition of mTOR signalling was associated with the basal state of phosphorylated STAT3. Finally, inhibition of mTOR-STAT3 pathway leads to normalization of IL6 expression in SDS cells. Altogether, our data strengthen the hypothesis that SDS affects both lymphoid and myeloid blood compartment and suggest everolimus as a potential therapeutic agent to reduce excessive mTOR-STAT3 activation in SDS [Vella A., et al. 2020]. The discovery of new altered molecular pathways underlying SDS pathophysiology could lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets for the correction of SDS-related haematological defects and the prevention of leukemic evolution.
BIONDI, ANDREA
D'AMICO, GIOVANNA
angiogenesi; MSCs; neutropenia; VEGFA; STAT3
angiogenesis; MSCs; neutropenia; VEGFA; STAT3
MED/38 - PEDIATRIA GENERALE E SPECIALISTICA
English
9-feb-2021
MEDICINA TRASLAZIONALE E MOLECOLARE - DIMET
33
2019/2020
open
(2021). Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome: an autosomal recessive inherited bone marrow failure disorder with defective angiogenesis and lymphoid lineage impairment. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/304798
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