The present thesis addresses the build-up of the senses of agency and ownership in schizophrenia, as a clue to understand the mechanisms of self-awareness in these patients. Based on previous literature highlighting disturbances of sense of agency and impairments in sensorimotor integration, we carried out a series of three studies aimed to explore self-body recognition by capitalizing on a visuomotor body illusion, i.e. the mirror box illusion. This paradigm was useful in order to elicit overt sensations of agency and ownership under condition of illusorily embodiment of a moving alien hand. In Experiment 1, the effect of temporal congruency between visual (experimenter’s hand reflected in the mirror) and the proprioceptive (participant’s hand) input on subjective and objective measures (namely, embodiment questionnaire and forearm bisection task) of the illusion was addressed in 36 healthy participants and 29 patients affected by schizophrenia. In healthy participants, sense of agency, sense of ownership and bisection performance modulate in accordance to the extent of visuo-proprioceptive synchrony. By contrast, the sense of agency and bisection performance did not significantly vary across conditions in patients. Such results indicate that impaired sensorimotor processes, as testified by previous work on self-attribution task, may explain the altered modulation of embodiment in the schizophrenia group. We hypothesized that two sensorimotor mechanisms might be implicated, namely a widened visuo-proprioceptive TBW and a disruption of efference-related signals. In order to help disentangling the role of these two mechanisms, the second experiment was designed. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to perform active vs. passive movements, while increasing time-lags between the visual and the proprioceptive input were introduced using a custom-made mirror box setting. A sample of 32 healthy controls and 18 patients with schizophrenia was recruited. Preliminary analyses show an altered modulation of the illusorily sense of ownership in patients, which is mostly accounted for by an enlarged visuo-proprioceptive temporal binding window. This result might indicate that an abnormal integration of afferent signals is strongly involved in the disruption of self-body ownership in schizophrenia. This conclusion, however, warrants caution given the small size of the patients group. Finally, Experiment 3 represents an exploratory study to test the hypothesis of abnormal malleability of body representation in schizophrenia derived from the literature on rubber hand illusion in schizophrenia. Based on this assumption, it could be expected that patients are abnormally prone to embody an alien hand positioned at an anatomically implausible distance from the body. In order to address this issue, we first sought to verify to what extent high spatial visuo-proprioceptive discrepancy can inhibit the sense of ownership for a moving alien hand in healthy people. Using the same mirror box setting previously mentioned, we obtained results that are only partially in agreement with the hypothesis, since illusory ownership deems to decreases only at a subjective, but not objective level. Further work, using a different experimental manipulation, might better address whether these results may be due to the task used or to the higher sensitivity of subjective assessment of body ownership to this kind of manipulation. In conclusion, the present work demonstrates that putatively impaired visuo-motor integration processes in schizophrenia do not only impact on the sense of agency, but also on the recognition of one’s own body. These findings expand previous work based on the rubber hand illusion, providing empirical evidence of the fact that disturbances of body perception in schizophrenia can be dependent on defective sensorimotor processes for action.

Il seguente lavoro di tesi indaga il senso di ownership e di agency in schizofrenia come modalità per approfondire i meccanismi di consapevolezza del sé in questi pazienti. Basandoci su studi precedenti che evidenziano disturbi del senso di agency e deficit di integrazione sensorimotoria, abbiamo condotto tre studi finalizzati ad esplorare il riconoscimento del proprio corpo servendoci di un’illusione corporea visuo-motoria, i.e., la Mirror Box illusion. Il paradigma è utile al fine di elicitare sensazioni di agency e ownership durante l’incorporazione illusoria di una mano aliena in movimento. Nell’Esperimento 1 è stato investigato l’effetto della congruenza temporale tra il feedback visivo (la mano di uno sperimentatore riflessa nello specchio) e il feedback propriocettivo (la mano del partecipante) sulle misure esplicite ed implicite dell’illusione (il questionario di embodiment e il compito di bisezione del braccio). I partecipanti sani presentano una modulazione significativa del senso di ownership, del senso di agency e dalla stima di bisezione in accordo col grado di congruenza visuo-motoria esperita durante l’illusione. Senso di agency e stima di bisezione non modulano invece nei pazienti. Abbiamo ipotizzato che due meccanismi potrebbero spiegare i risultati ottenuti nel gruppo di pazienti: una finestra di integrazione temporale visuo-propriocettiva ampia e/o un deficit a livello di copia efferente del comando motorio. Il secondo esperimento è stato pianificato al fine di dissociare il contributo relativo di ciascuno dei due meccanismi ipotizzati. Nell’Esperimento 2 i partecipanti dovevano eseguire movimenti attivi vs. passivi mentre un ritardo gradualmente maggiore veniva inserito tra l’input visivo e l’input propriocettivo tramite un’apposita apparecchiatura. Dalle analisi preliminari emerge un’alterata modulazione del senso di ownership nei pazienti, la quale sembra essere maggiormente dovuta ad un’aumentata finestra di integrazione sensoriale. Questo risultato potrebbe indicare che un’alterazione a livello di integrazione delle afferenze sensoriali potrebbe essere maggiormente implicata nell’alterazione del senso di ownership. Tale conclusione è tuttavia da considerarsi provvisoria data la scarsa numerosità del gruppo di pazienti. In ultimo, l’Esperimento 3 costituisce un’analisi esplorativa dei confini spaziali dell’illusione al fine di testare l’ipotesi relativa all’estrema malleabilità della rappresentazione corporea in schizofrenia. Basandosi su quest’ipotesi, è possibile che i pazienti siano maggiormente predisposti ad incorporare una mano aliena posizionata ad una distanza anatomicamente implausibile dal loro corpo. Abbiamo inizialmente condotto uno studio per verificare in che misura un’elevata discrepanza visuo-propriocettiva sia in grado di inibire il senso di ownership per la mano aliena in un gruppo di partecipanti sani. Utilizzando la stessa apparecchiatura dello studio precedente abbiamo ottenuto risultati solo parzialmente in accordo con l’ipotesi poichè il senso di ownership diminuisce a livello esplicito, ma non a livello implicito. Altro lavoro di ricerca basato su altre manipolazioni sperimentali potrebbe consentire di capire se i risultati ottenuti siano dovuti al compito utilizzato oppure ad una maggior sensibilità della valutazione soggettiva del senso di ownership a questo tipo di manipolazioni. In conclusione, il presente lavoro mostra che i deficit di integrazione visuo-motoria in schizofrenia non impattano solo sul senso di agency, ma anche sul riconoscimento del proprio corpo. Questi risultati espandono i risultati precedentemente osservati negli studi di Rubber Hand illusion, portando evidenza empirica rispetto al fatto che i disturbi di percezione corporea in schizofrenia potrebbero essere dipendenti da processi di integrazione sensorimotoria deficitari.

(2020). Embodying a moving alien hand. An investigation of visuomotor integration processes underlying embodiment in healthy controls and in patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).

Embodying a moving alien hand. An investigation of visuomotor integration processes underlying embodiment in healthy controls and in patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia.

ROSSETTI, ILEANA
2020

Abstract

The present thesis addresses the build-up of the senses of agency and ownership in schizophrenia, as a clue to understand the mechanisms of self-awareness in these patients. Based on previous literature highlighting disturbances of sense of agency and impairments in sensorimotor integration, we carried out a series of three studies aimed to explore self-body recognition by capitalizing on a visuomotor body illusion, i.e. the mirror box illusion. This paradigm was useful in order to elicit overt sensations of agency and ownership under condition of illusorily embodiment of a moving alien hand. In Experiment 1, the effect of temporal congruency between visual (experimenter’s hand reflected in the mirror) and the proprioceptive (participant’s hand) input on subjective and objective measures (namely, embodiment questionnaire and forearm bisection task) of the illusion was addressed in 36 healthy participants and 29 patients affected by schizophrenia. In healthy participants, sense of agency, sense of ownership and bisection performance modulate in accordance to the extent of visuo-proprioceptive synchrony. By contrast, the sense of agency and bisection performance did not significantly vary across conditions in patients. Such results indicate that impaired sensorimotor processes, as testified by previous work on self-attribution task, may explain the altered modulation of embodiment in the schizophrenia group. We hypothesized that two sensorimotor mechanisms might be implicated, namely a widened visuo-proprioceptive TBW and a disruption of efference-related signals. In order to help disentangling the role of these two mechanisms, the second experiment was designed. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to perform active vs. passive movements, while increasing time-lags between the visual and the proprioceptive input were introduced using a custom-made mirror box setting. A sample of 32 healthy controls and 18 patients with schizophrenia was recruited. Preliminary analyses show an altered modulation of the illusorily sense of ownership in patients, which is mostly accounted for by an enlarged visuo-proprioceptive temporal binding window. This result might indicate that an abnormal integration of afferent signals is strongly involved in the disruption of self-body ownership in schizophrenia. This conclusion, however, warrants caution given the small size of the patients group. Finally, Experiment 3 represents an exploratory study to test the hypothesis of abnormal malleability of body representation in schizophrenia derived from the literature on rubber hand illusion in schizophrenia. Based on this assumption, it could be expected that patients are abnormally prone to embody an alien hand positioned at an anatomically implausible distance from the body. In order to address this issue, we first sought to verify to what extent high spatial visuo-proprioceptive discrepancy can inhibit the sense of ownership for a moving alien hand in healthy people. Using the same mirror box setting previously mentioned, we obtained results that are only partially in agreement with the hypothesis, since illusory ownership deems to decreases only at a subjective, but not objective level. Further work, using a different experimental manipulation, might better address whether these results may be due to the task used or to the higher sensitivity of subjective assessment of body ownership to this kind of manipulation. In conclusion, the present work demonstrates that putatively impaired visuo-motor integration processes in schizophrenia do not only impact on the sense of agency, but also on the recognition of one’s own body. These findings expand previous work based on the rubber hand illusion, providing empirical evidence of the fact that disturbances of body perception in schizophrenia can be dependent on defective sensorimotor processes for action.
MARAVITA, ANGELO
schizofrenia; embodiment; visuomotorio; mirror box; Sè
schizophrenia; embodiment; visuomotor; mirror box; Sè
M-PSI/02 - PSICOBIOLOGIA E PSICOLOGIA FISIOLOGICA
Italian
21-feb-2020
PSICOLOGIA, LINGUISTICA E NEUROSCIENZE COGNITIVE
32
2018/2019
open
(2020). Embodying a moving alien hand. An investigation of visuomotor integration processes underlying embodiment in healthy controls and in patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia.. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/277381
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