About 25-30% of clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) patients show an advanced stage of disease at the time of diagnosis, and about 30% of these patients have matastasis affecting bones. An involvement of TGF-β1 in promoting ccRCC aggressiveness, invasion and bone metastasis has been described. We previously showed that the extracellular matrix modifying enzyme lysyl oxidase (Lox), which promotes cell migration and invasion through cytoskeleton rearrangement, was overexpressed in ccRCC. Lox has a key role in formation of premetastatic bone lesions in breast and colon cancer through osteoclast activation and osteoblast inhibition. Previous data evidenced that TGF-β1 production is modulated by Arg tyrosine kinase in human renal tubular cells. Arg modulates, through cytoskeleton rearrangement, invasion and metastasis of breast and prostate cancers. Based on these data and using in vitro models of primary cell cultures and cell lines, we evaluated the molecular interactions among TGF-β1, Lox and Arg in ccRCC cells and the functional effects of these interactions on tumor invasion and osteoclast and osteoblast behavior responsible for premetastatic bone lesion formation. The expression and secretion of TGF-β1 and Lox, and Arg protein expression, were increased in ccRCC versus normal cortex primary cultures. In ccRCC cultures TGF-β1 and Lox secretion were positively correlated. TGF-β1 treatment of ccRCC 786-O cell line upregulated Lox expression and secretion and downregulated Arg protein level. The TGFβ-receptor inhibitor SB431542 reverted these effects. Inhibition of Smad-dependent TGF-β pathway by SIS3 and proteasome activity by MG132 rescued Arg protein level. Arg silencing by siRNA in 786-O cells induced an increment of TGF-β1 and Lox secretion, reverted by SB431542 treatment. Moreover, Arg silencing in 786-O cells decreased cell invasion analyzed by 3D invasion assay in collagen, even in presence of TGF-β1 treatment. TGF-β1 signalling inhibition with SB431542 reduced cell invasion even in Arg silenced cells. Treatment with 786-O conditioned media inhibited MC3T3-E1 osteoblast proliferation and increased osteoclastic differentiation of RAW264.7 cells, as evaluated by TRAP staining. Lox inhibitor βAPN partially reverted these effects. Preliminary results obtained using conditioned media of ccRCC primary cultures confirmed these observations. Overall, these data suggest that in ccRCC cells Arg modulates Lox production by secretion of TGF-β1 that, in turn, modulates Arg protein stability through a Smad-dependent pathway. The characterization of the complex interactions among TGF-β1, Lox and Arg, which modulate ccRCC cell invasion and osteoblast and osteoclast behavior involved in premetastatic bone lesion formation, can shed light on the molecular mechanisms of ccRCC progression.

In circa il 25-30% dei pazienti con carcinoma renale a cellule chiare (ccRCC) la diagnosi viene fatta quando la malattia è già ad uno stadio avanzato e circa il 30% di questi pazienti presenta metastasi ossee. È stato descritto un coinvolgimento del TGF-β1 nel promuovere aggressività, invasione e metastasi ossee nel ccRCC. Noi abbiamo già dimostrato che l'enzima della matrice extracellulare lisil ossidasi (Lox), noto per promuovere la migrazione e l'invasione cellulare attraverso il riarrangiamento del citoscheletro, è overespresso nel ccRCC. Lox, attraverso l'attivazione degli osteoclasti e l'inibizione degli osteoblasti, ha un ruolo chiave nella formazione delle lesioni ossee premetastatiche nel carcinoma mammario e del colon. Noi abbiamo precedentemente evidenziato che la produzione di TGF-β1 è modulata dalla tirosina chinasi Arg nelle cellule tubulari renali umane. Arg modula, attraverso il riarrangiamento del citoscheletro, l'invasione e la metastatizzazione del carcinoma mammario e prostatico. In base a questi dati e utilizzando come modelli in vitro colture cellulari primarie e linee cellulari, abbiamo valutato le interazioni molecolari tra TGF-β1, Lox e Arg in cellule di ccRCC e gli effetti funzionali di queste interazioni sull'invasione tumorale e sul comportamento degli osteoclasti e degli osteoblasti responsabili della formazione di lesioni ossee premetastatiche. L'espressione e la secrezione di TGF-β1 e Lox, e l'espressione della proteina Arg erano aumentate nelle colture primarie di ccRCC rispetto a quelle di cortex normale. Nelle colture di ccRCC la secrezione di TGF-β1 e Lox era positivamente correlata. Il trattamento con TGF-β1 della linea cellulare di ccRCC, 786-O, aumentava l'espressione e la secrezione di Lox e riduceva il livello della proteina Arg. L'inibitore del recettore del TGF-β SB431542 contrastava questi effetti. L'inibizione del signaling Smad-dipendente del TGF-β con SIS3 e dell'attività del proteasoma con MG132 riaumentava il livello della proteina Arg. Il silenziamento di Arg con un siRNA specifico induceva nelle cellule 786-O un aumento della secrezione di TGF-β1 e Lox, contrastata dal trattamento con SB431542. Inoltre, il silenziamento di Arg nelle cellule 786-O ha ridotto l'invasione cellulare valutata con saggio di invasione 3D in collagene, anche in presenza del trattamento con TGF-β1. L'inibizione del signaling di TGF-β1 con SB431542 riduceva l'invasione cellulare anche in cellule silenziate per Arg. Il trattamento con terreni condizionati di cellule 786-O inibiva la proliferazione degli osteoblasti MC3T3-E1 e aumentava la differenziazione osteoclastica delle cellule RAW264.7, come valutato dalla colorazione della fosfatasi acida resistente al tartrato (TRAP). L'inibitore di Lox, βAPN, contrastava parzialmente questi effetti. I risultati preliminari ottenuti utilizzando i terreni condizionati di colture primarie di ccRCC hanno confermato queste osservazioni. Nel complesso questi dati suggeriscono che nelle cellule di ccRCC Arg modula la produzione di Lox mediante secrezione di TGF-β1 che, a sua volta, modula la stabilità della proteina Arg attraverso un pathway Smad-dipendente. La caratterizzazione delle complesse interazioni tra TGF-β1, Lox e Arg che modulano l'invasione delle cellule di ccRCC e il comportamento degli osteoblasti e degli osteoclasti coinvolti nella formazione di lesioni ossee premetastatiche, può far luce sui meccanismi molecolari della progressione del ccRCC.

(2020). STUDY OF THE INTERACTIONS AMONG ARG/ABL2, TGF-β1 AND LOX IN CLEAR CELL RENAL CELL CARCINOMA PROGRESSION. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).

STUDY OF THE INTERACTIONS AMONG ARG/ABL2, TGF-β1 AND LOX IN CLEAR CELL RENAL CELL CARCINOMA PROGRESSION

DE MARCO, SOFIA
2020

Abstract

About 25-30% of clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) patients show an advanced stage of disease at the time of diagnosis, and about 30% of these patients have matastasis affecting bones. An involvement of TGF-β1 in promoting ccRCC aggressiveness, invasion and bone metastasis has been described. We previously showed that the extracellular matrix modifying enzyme lysyl oxidase (Lox), which promotes cell migration and invasion through cytoskeleton rearrangement, was overexpressed in ccRCC. Lox has a key role in formation of premetastatic bone lesions in breast and colon cancer through osteoclast activation and osteoblast inhibition. Previous data evidenced that TGF-β1 production is modulated by Arg tyrosine kinase in human renal tubular cells. Arg modulates, through cytoskeleton rearrangement, invasion and metastasis of breast and prostate cancers. Based on these data and using in vitro models of primary cell cultures and cell lines, we evaluated the molecular interactions among TGF-β1, Lox and Arg in ccRCC cells and the functional effects of these interactions on tumor invasion and osteoclast and osteoblast behavior responsible for premetastatic bone lesion formation. The expression and secretion of TGF-β1 and Lox, and Arg protein expression, were increased in ccRCC versus normal cortex primary cultures. In ccRCC cultures TGF-β1 and Lox secretion were positively correlated. TGF-β1 treatment of ccRCC 786-O cell line upregulated Lox expression and secretion and downregulated Arg protein level. The TGFβ-receptor inhibitor SB431542 reverted these effects. Inhibition of Smad-dependent TGF-β pathway by SIS3 and proteasome activity by MG132 rescued Arg protein level. Arg silencing by siRNA in 786-O cells induced an increment of TGF-β1 and Lox secretion, reverted by SB431542 treatment. Moreover, Arg silencing in 786-O cells decreased cell invasion analyzed by 3D invasion assay in collagen, even in presence of TGF-β1 treatment. TGF-β1 signalling inhibition with SB431542 reduced cell invasion even in Arg silenced cells. Treatment with 786-O conditioned media inhibited MC3T3-E1 osteoblast proliferation and increased osteoclastic differentiation of RAW264.7 cells, as evaluated by TRAP staining. Lox inhibitor βAPN partially reverted these effects. Preliminary results obtained using conditioned media of ccRCC primary cultures confirmed these observations. Overall, these data suggest that in ccRCC cells Arg modulates Lox production by secretion of TGF-β1 that, in turn, modulates Arg protein stability through a Smad-dependent pathway. The characterization of the complex interactions among TGF-β1, Lox and Arg, which modulate ccRCC cell invasion and osteoblast and osteoclast behavior involved in premetastatic bone lesion formation, can shed light on the molecular mechanisms of ccRCC progression.
PEREGO, ROBERTO
BIANCHI, CRISTINA
tirosina chinasi Arg; TGF-β1; lisil ossidasi Lox; carcinoma renale; metastasi
Arg tyrosine Kinase; TGF-β1; Lysyl oxidase Lox; Renal cell carcinoma; metastasi
MED/04 - PATOLOGIA GENERALE
English
4-feb-2020
MEDICINA TRASLAZIONALE E MOLECOLARE - DIMET
32
2018/2019
open
(2020). STUDY OF THE INTERACTIONS AMONG ARG/ABL2, TGF-β1 AND LOX IN CLEAR CELL RENAL CELL CARCINOMA PROGRESSION. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/263399
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