The area of kidney diseases is a wide and complex field, and many conditions leading to them are not fully understood or curable. Along with a better understanding of these pathologies, there is a need for improved risk detection, for determination of prognosis and for improved and personalized treatment. Therefore, it is important to develop and implement new approaches, such as proteomic analysis of urine- based liquid biopsy. Indeed, the use of proteome analysis for the discovery of clinically relevant proteins, known as clinical proteomics, for example for the identification of earlier and prognostic markers may actually foster the translation of basic discoveries into clinical applications for the benefit of the patient. Easily accessible biological sample, such as urine is valuable sources of biomarkers for pathologies related to kidney. In fact, urine can be collected in large quantities and in non-invasive way; additionally, it is less complex than other bodily fluids. Unfortunately, in diverse cases, this information is often technically difficult to be mined because the disease-related proteins are often present in very low concentrations, are frequently labile, and are hidden by high-abundance proteins such as albumin or uromodulin. In this context, the proteomic study of the urinary extracellular vesicles (UEv) represents a valid alternative to reveal and discovery these hidden molecular landscape. UEv are nanometer-sized vesicles (>150 nm), that can originate from endothelial cells, podocytes or tubular epithelial cells. Their molecular composition depends upon the type, and even tatus, of the producer cell. Therefore, the use of UEv allows to reduce the complexity of the urine proteome, because they contain only 3% of total urine proteins (>3000 species). For all these reasons, we can consider also them (as the urine), as a liquid biopsy, non-invasive modality that can provide diagnostic and prognostic information about kidney disease. In this study, we applied the proteomics MS-based approaches to investigate the proteome and glycoproteome in urine samples of patients affected by clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC), the most frequent and aggressive type of renal carcinoma. Additionally, we also studied the protein content of UEv of Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome (INS), the major childhood glomerular disease. By our complementary approaches, we gained the double aim: firstly, to pinpoint a characteristic specific disease protein and glycoprotein signature of tumour progression (in case of cc-RCC); secondly, to clarify the disease etiopathogenesis and the molecular mechanism underling the different response to drug treatment and the onset of pharmacoresistance to corticosteroids (in case of INS). By combining the obtained results, we hope to enforce further the use of liquid biopsy in clinical research, from both a technical and application standpoint. Furthermore, by taking advantage of the possibilities related to the employment of the MS technologies, we also expect that this can lead to the direct translation of our findings into diagnostic or prognostic tools that can improve the clinical management of ccRCC and INS patients.

L'area di indagine delle paotlogie renali è un campo ampio e complesso e molte delle cause che sono alla loro base non sono completamente comprensibili o curabili. A tal motivo, oltre ad una migliore comprensione della loro eziopatogenesi, è necessario individuare in maniera precisa i fattori di rischio, al fine di migliorare la prognosi e personalizzare il trattamento terapico. Lo sviluppo e l’implementazione di nuovi approcci, come l'analisi proteomica basata sulle urine, come biopsia liquida è attualmente una delle scelte più giuste da compiere. Infatti, l'uso dell'analisi proteomica per la scoperta di proteine clinicamente rilevanti, note come proteomica clinica, individuando ad esempio marcatori diagnostici e prognostici, può effettivamente favorire la traslazione delle scoperte di base in applicazioni cliniche a beneficio del paziente. Un campione biologico facilmente accessibile, come le urine, in tal senso, si rivela essere una preziosa fonte di biomarcatori per patologie renali. Le urine, infatti, possono essere raccolte in grandi quantità e in modo non invasivo; inoltre, sono meno complesse di altri fluidi corporei e per questo più semplici da studiare. Purtroppo, in diversi casi, le preziose informazioni presenti nelle urine sono spesso tecnicamente difficili da estrarre perché le proteine legate alla malattia sono spesso presenti in concentrazioni molto basse e per di più nascoste da proteine urinarie presenti in grande abbondanza, come l'albumina o l'uromodulina. In questo contesto, lo studio proteomico degli esosomi urinari (EU) rappresenta una valida alternativa, per rivelare e scoprire questo interessante paesaggio molecolare nascosto. EU sono vescicole di dimensioni nanometriche (>150 nm), che possono provenire da cellule endoteliali, podociti o cellule epiteliali tubolari. La loro composizione molecolare dipende dal tipo e dalla condizione fisiologica della cellula da cui si originano. Inoltre, l'impiego degli EU permette di ridurre la complessità del proteoma urinario: essi, infatti, contengono solo il 3% delle proteine urinarie totali (>3000 specie). Per tutte queste ragioni, alla stregua delle urine, possiamo considerare anche gli EU come una biopsia liquida, modalità non invasiva, in grado di fornire informazioni diagnostiche e prognostiche relative alle più disparate patologie renali. In questo studio, abbiamo applicato gli approcci di spettrometria di massa (MS) e proteomica applicata allo studio del proteoma e del glicoproteoma di campioni urinari provenienti da pazienti affetti da carcinoma renale a cellule chiare (ccRCC), il più frequente e aggressivo istotipo di carcinoma renale. In aggiunta, abbiamo anche studiato il contenuto proteico di EU di pazienti affetti da sindrome nefrosica idiopatica (INS), la più diffusa malattia glomerulare infantile. Grazie a questo approccio complementare, abbiamo raggiunto il duplice obiettivo di individuare una specifica signature proteica e glicoproteica di progressione tumorale (nel caso di cc-RCC) e di chiarire l'eziopatogenesi della malattia e il meccanismo molecolare che sta alla base della diversa risposta al trattamento farmacologico e dell'insorgenza della farmacoresistenza ai corticosteroidi (nel caso di INS). Combinando i risultati ottenuti, speriamo di sostenere e rafforzare ulteriormente l'impiego della biopsia liquida nella ricerca clinica, sia da un punto di vista tecnico che da un punto di vista applicativo. Inoltre, sfruttando le possibilità legate all'impiego della MS, speriamo di arrivare alla conversione dei nostri risultati in strumenti diagnostici o prognostici che possano migliorare la gestione dei pazienti affetti da ccRCC e INS.

(2020). Proteomic analysis of urine-based liquid biopsy to provide new insights into renal diseases. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).

Proteomic analysis of urine-based liquid biopsy to provide new insights into renal diseases

SANTORELLI, LUCIA
2020

Abstract

The area of kidney diseases is a wide and complex field, and many conditions leading to them are not fully understood or curable. Along with a better understanding of these pathologies, there is a need for improved risk detection, for determination of prognosis and for improved and personalized treatment. Therefore, it is important to develop and implement new approaches, such as proteomic analysis of urine- based liquid biopsy. Indeed, the use of proteome analysis for the discovery of clinically relevant proteins, known as clinical proteomics, for example for the identification of earlier and prognostic markers may actually foster the translation of basic discoveries into clinical applications for the benefit of the patient. Easily accessible biological sample, such as urine is valuable sources of biomarkers for pathologies related to kidney. In fact, urine can be collected in large quantities and in non-invasive way; additionally, it is less complex than other bodily fluids. Unfortunately, in diverse cases, this information is often technically difficult to be mined because the disease-related proteins are often present in very low concentrations, are frequently labile, and are hidden by high-abundance proteins such as albumin or uromodulin. In this context, the proteomic study of the urinary extracellular vesicles (UEv) represents a valid alternative to reveal and discovery these hidden molecular landscape. UEv are nanometer-sized vesicles (>150 nm), that can originate from endothelial cells, podocytes or tubular epithelial cells. Their molecular composition depends upon the type, and even tatus, of the producer cell. Therefore, the use of UEv allows to reduce the complexity of the urine proteome, because they contain only 3% of total urine proteins (>3000 species). For all these reasons, we can consider also them (as the urine), as a liquid biopsy, non-invasive modality that can provide diagnostic and prognostic information about kidney disease. In this study, we applied the proteomics MS-based approaches to investigate the proteome and glycoproteome in urine samples of patients affected by clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC), the most frequent and aggressive type of renal carcinoma. Additionally, we also studied the protein content of UEv of Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome (INS), the major childhood glomerular disease. By our complementary approaches, we gained the double aim: firstly, to pinpoint a characteristic specific disease protein and glycoprotein signature of tumour progression (in case of cc-RCC); secondly, to clarify the disease etiopathogenesis and the molecular mechanism underling the different response to drug treatment and the onset of pharmacoresistance to corticosteroids (in case of INS). By combining the obtained results, we hope to enforce further the use of liquid biopsy in clinical research, from both a technical and application standpoint. Furthermore, by taking advantage of the possibilities related to the employment of the MS technologies, we also expect that this can lead to the direct translation of our findings into diagnostic or prognostic tools that can improve the clinical management of ccRCC and INS patients.
PITTO, MARINA
RAIMONDO, FRANCESCA
Proteomics; Glycoproteomics; Liquid Biopsy; ccRCC; INS
Proteomics; Glycoproteomics; Liquid Biopsy; ccRCC; INS
BIO/12 - BIOCHIMICA CLINICA E BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE CLINICA
English
4-feb-2020
MEDICINA TRASLAZIONALE E MOLECOLARE - DIMET
32
2018/2019
open
(2020). Proteomic analysis of urine-based liquid biopsy to provide new insights into renal diseases. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/263397
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