This research examines how land-value is framed, legitimised and contested in Africa’s emerging petro-extraction regions. The research uses case studies from Ghana’s southwestern region (from 2007 to 2017) and Tanzania’s Lindi Mtwara region (2004- 2017). Theoretically, the research uses the concept of “incommensurable values” to situate the multiple, conflicting and intersecting values attached to land. The theory of incommensurable values has traditionally attended to the distribution of “goods” and “bads” beyond economic notions of value, especially in regions of resource extraction and land expropriation. Within this theory however, the focus has been restricted to violent expulsions of local communities as the dominant means of expropriation, with less attention paid to the mundane policies, institutional framings and bureaucratic practices that achieves similar results. Additionally, empirical work on such mundane policies, framings and practices has been limited to studies of agrarian change. This research thus examines why and how policies, practices and decision-making on “land value” evolves in Petro-extraction regions in southwestern Ghana and Lindi-Mtwara, Tanzania. The methodology involves key expert interviews, secondary research data, reports by government and third sector organizations as well as longitudinal data on land permits, land transfers, food prices and other development statistics. The dissertation notes a plurality of framings of land-value that overlay the petroleum production process with often singular outcomes. It shows that local landed elites (chiefs, kinship groups and village associations) in these regions conceive of land value along lines of “mandatory community benefits”, “environmental risk compensation” and the “maintenance of intergenerational livelihoods”. These local conceptions of value are used to contest the State and petroleum companies over petroleum rents, land expropriation, gentrification, energy security as well as food-security issues driven by the oil and gas economy. Central and local government actors as well as petroleum companies in Ghana and Tanzania however impose notions of “market value”, “efficiency benefits” and “opportunity cost” to land value in these regions. These are underlaid by framings of land use efficiency, competitiveness, voluntariness and resource nationalism. This is realized through policy outcomes that highlight land-banking, compulsory land acquisitions, the creation of special economic zones and petroleum-driven planning policies. The research thus shows that the States’ land-value policies and practices and the underlying framings largely invalidates subnational conceptions of land value. Such emerging petro-geographies are therefore the outcomes of the singularisation of local incommensurable land values into commensurable spatial forms by the State (central and subnational) to create an enabling environment for private and centralised extractive capital. Such singularisation results in spatial outcomes entailing petro-industrial hubs, high-end real estate, speculative new city projects, illegalization of pre-existing informal land uses, urban gentrification, rural land dispossession as well as the promotion of voluntary petroleum charity projects. The research also shows how emerging African petro-geographies look to emulate the success stories of global oil cities and newly industrializing economies. The framings and policies of land value by the national and local governments in the petroleum economy is also instituting a centralisation of local governance powers in the petro-extraction regions. Particularly, the central governments in Ghana and Tanzania limit local conceptions of non-instrumental land value through the compulsory acquisition of lands for (speculative) petro-industrial projects.

Questa ricerca esamina come il valore fondiario viene inquadrato, legittimato e contestato nelle emergenti regioni petroestrattive africane. La ricerca è focalizzata su casi studio provenienti dalla regione sudoccidentale del Ghana e dalla regione di Lindi Mtwara in Tanzania. Dal punto di vista teorico, la ricerca utilizza il concetto di "valori incommensurabili" per situare i valori multipli, contrastanti e intersecanti legati alla terra. La teoria dei valori incommensurabili è stata tradizionalmente attenta alla distribuzione di "beni" e "mali" al di là delle nozioni economiche di valore, specialmente nelle regioni di estrazione delle risorse e di espropriazione delle terre. All'interno di questa teoria, tuttavia, l'attenzione si è concentrata sull’espulsione violenta delle comunità locali come mezzo di esproprio dominante, prestando meno attenzione alle banali politiche, strutture istituzionali e pratiche burocratiche, che ottengono risultati simili. Inoltre, il lavoro empirico su tali politiche, inquadramenti e pratiche è stato limitato agli studi sul cambiamento agricolo. Questa ricerca ha dunque indagato perché e come le politiche, le pratiche e il processo decisionale sul valore dei terreni si evolvono nelle regioni di estrazione petrolifera nel sud-ovest del Ghana e nel Lindi-Mtwara, in Tanzania. La tesi osserva la pluralità di inquadramenti del valore del terreno che si sovrappongono al processo di produzione di petrolio con risultati interessanti (spesso singolari). La dissertazione mostra che le élite locali dei terreni in queste regioni concepiscono il valore del territorio sulla base di "benefici comunitari obbligatori", "compensazione del rischio ambientale" e "mantenimento dei mezzi di sussistenza intergenerazionali". Queste concezioni locali di valore sono utilizzate per contestare lo Stato e le compagnie petrolifere su ricavi petroliferi, espropriazione delle terre, gentrificazione, sicurezza energetica così come sulle questioni di sicurezza alimentare spinte dall'economia del petrolio e del gas. Gli attori del governo centrale e locale così come le compagnie petrolifere del Ghana e della Tanzania hanno tuttavia imposto nozioni di "valore di mercato", "benefici di efficienza" e "costo opportunità" al valore del terreno in queste regioni. Ciò si realizza attraverso interventi politici che mettono in evidenza il land-banking, le acquisizioni obbligatorie di terreni, la creazione di zone economiche speciali e le politiche di pianificazione basate sul petrolio. La ricerca mostra quindi che le politiche del valore fondiario degli Stati, le pratiche e gli inquadramenti sottostante invalidano ampiamente le concezioni subnazionali del valore fondiario. Tali petro-geografie sono pertanto i risultati della singolarizzazione di valori locali del terreno incommensurabili in forme spaziali commisurabili da parte dello Stato (centrale e subnazionale) per creare un ambiente favorevole al capitale estrattivo privato e centralizzato. Tale singolarizzazione si traduce in risultati spaziali che comportano hub petro-industriali, immobili di fascia alta, progetti speculativi di nuove città, illegalizzazione di usi informali preesistenti dei terreni, gentrificazione urbana, espropriazione di terreni rurali e promozione di progetti volontari di beneficenza petrolifera. La ricerca mostra quindi come le emergenti petro-geografie africane stiano emulando le storie di successo delle città globali del petrolio e delle economie di recente sviluppo. Le definizioni e le politiche del valore fondiario da parte dei governi nazionali e locali nell'economia petrolifera stanno anche istituendo una centralizzazione dei poteri di governance locale nelle regioni di petro-estrazione. In particolare, i governi centrali in Ghana e Tanzania limitano le concezioni locali del valore non strumentale dei terreni attraverso l'acquisizione obbligatoria di terreni per progetti (speculativi) petro-industriali.

(2020). Land Value(s), Institutional change and new Petro-Geographies in Ghana and Tanzania. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).

Land Value(s), Institutional change and new Petro-Geographies in Ghana and Tanzania

OTCHERE-DARKO, WILLIAM
2020

Abstract

This research examines how land-value is framed, legitimised and contested in Africa’s emerging petro-extraction regions. The research uses case studies from Ghana’s southwestern region (from 2007 to 2017) and Tanzania’s Lindi Mtwara region (2004- 2017). Theoretically, the research uses the concept of “incommensurable values” to situate the multiple, conflicting and intersecting values attached to land. The theory of incommensurable values has traditionally attended to the distribution of “goods” and “bads” beyond economic notions of value, especially in regions of resource extraction and land expropriation. Within this theory however, the focus has been restricted to violent expulsions of local communities as the dominant means of expropriation, with less attention paid to the mundane policies, institutional framings and bureaucratic practices that achieves similar results. Additionally, empirical work on such mundane policies, framings and practices has been limited to studies of agrarian change. This research thus examines why and how policies, practices and decision-making on “land value” evolves in Petro-extraction regions in southwestern Ghana and Lindi-Mtwara, Tanzania. The methodology involves key expert interviews, secondary research data, reports by government and third sector organizations as well as longitudinal data on land permits, land transfers, food prices and other development statistics. The dissertation notes a plurality of framings of land-value that overlay the petroleum production process with often singular outcomes. It shows that local landed elites (chiefs, kinship groups and village associations) in these regions conceive of land value along lines of “mandatory community benefits”, “environmental risk compensation” and the “maintenance of intergenerational livelihoods”. These local conceptions of value are used to contest the State and petroleum companies over petroleum rents, land expropriation, gentrification, energy security as well as food-security issues driven by the oil and gas economy. Central and local government actors as well as petroleum companies in Ghana and Tanzania however impose notions of “market value”, “efficiency benefits” and “opportunity cost” to land value in these regions. These are underlaid by framings of land use efficiency, competitiveness, voluntariness and resource nationalism. This is realized through policy outcomes that highlight land-banking, compulsory land acquisitions, the creation of special economic zones and petroleum-driven planning policies. The research thus shows that the States’ land-value policies and practices and the underlying framings largely invalidates subnational conceptions of land value. Such emerging petro-geographies are therefore the outcomes of the singularisation of local incommensurable land values into commensurable spatial forms by the State (central and subnational) to create an enabling environment for private and centralised extractive capital. Such singularisation results in spatial outcomes entailing petro-industrial hubs, high-end real estate, speculative new city projects, illegalization of pre-existing informal land uses, urban gentrification, rural land dispossession as well as the promotion of voluntary petroleum charity projects. The research also shows how emerging African petro-geographies look to emulate the success stories of global oil cities and newly industrializing economies. The framings and policies of land value by the national and local governments in the petroleum economy is also instituting a centralisation of local governance powers in the petro-extraction regions. Particularly, the central governments in Ghana and Tanzania limit local conceptions of non-instrumental land value through the compulsory acquisition of lands for (speculative) petro-industrial projects.
GHEZZI, SIMONE
Terra; Valore; Petrolio; Ghana; Tanzania
Land; Value; Petroleum; Ghana; Tanzania
SPS/07 - SOCIOLOGIA GENERALE
English
14-feb-2020
URBEUR-STUDI URBANI
32
2018/2019
open
(2020). Land Value(s), Institutional change and new Petro-Geographies in Ghana and Tanzania. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
phd_unimib_816931.pdf

Accesso Aperto

Descrizione: tesi di dottorato
Dimensione 19.05 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
19.05 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/263132
Citazioni
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
Social impact