Introduction: Acute respiratory distress syndrome accounts for 10% of all ICU admissions and 23% of all mechanically ventilated patients. The most common causes of ARDS include pneumonia and sepsis. There remains currently no specific treatment for ARDS. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as a promising strategy for the treatment of ARDS for three main reasons: immune-modulatory properties, anti-microbial effects and tissue regeneration capabilities. With all of these listed qualities, why aren’t MSCs a current therapy in patients with ARDS? One reason for this, is that MSCs present a strong biological variability in-vivo. A possible approach to overcoming this in-consistency in the potential of MSCs is to prime them before administration. No information is available on the role of MSCs in the treatment of pulmonary ARDS induced by Gram positive bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus Newman is a clinically relevant Gram positive bacterium which is associated with >40% health care pneumonia cases and with mortality rates of >50%. Objectives 1. To characterize the cytokine expression of umbilical cord (UC) MSCs and the role of conditioned media on a human monocytic cell line; 2. to establish a new model of gram positive bacterial pneumonia using a clinically relevant strain of S. Aureus from a human isolate; to evaluate 3. the potential therapeutic role of naïve and preactivated UC-MSCs (Series 1) and 4. of low dose preactivated UC-MSCs (Series 2) freshly harvested from culture in the treatment of acute lung injury in a new model of Rodent S. aureus–induced ARDS. Methods: Cellular assays involved cytokine expression of naïve and preactivated UC-MSCs with cytomix (TNF-α; IL-1β; and IFN- γ [50 ng/mL each]) was measured using ELISA. In-vitro chemical and inflammatory injury assays were carried out. THP-1 cells were treated with conditioned media from primed and naïve MSCs to determine cytokine expression and effect on percentage phagocytosis. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were used for in-vivo experiments. Animals underwent intratracheal instillation of S. aureus Newman to induce pulmonary ARDS. In series 1, animals were randomized, within 2 hours post infection, to intravenous administration of: (1) vehicle (phosphate buffered saline (PBS)); (2) 1x107/kg fresh UC-MSCs; and (3) 1x107/kg fresh UC-MSCs preactivated for 24 hours. In series 2, we randomized animals, within 2 hours post infection, to intravenous administration of: (1) vehicle (phosphate buffered saline (PBS)); (2) 2x106/kg and (3) 5x106/kg fresh UC-MSCs preactivated for 24 hours with cytomix (TNF-α; IL-1β; and IFN- γ [50 ng/mL each]). Comparisons among the groups were tested for differences in bacterial load and white blood cell count in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and arterial oxygenation after 48 hours. Results: Primed UC-MSCs variably expressed a different pro/anti-inflammatory profile compared to naïve UC-MSCs in vitro. Endotracheal instillation of S. aureus Newman induced the first model of ARDS in rats using such a bacterium strain. Fresh naïve UC-MSCs did not treat the lung injury. In contrast, the preactivation of fresh UC-MSCs with cytomix for 24 hours allowed to significantly increase the pulmonary bacterial clearance, reduce the lung cell infiltrates and to improve oxygenation with an average PaO2/FiO2 ratio above 300 at an FiO2 of 1.0 (series 1). These results were confirmed in series 2, where preactivated UC-MSCs demonstrated their therapeutic role in the decrease of ALI even at the low dose of 2x106/kg. Conclusions: Fresh preactivated UC-MSCs therapy decreased the severity of S. aureus induced ARDS even at the low dose of 2x106/kg by the reduction of bacterial load and white blood cell infiltrates into the lungs, and leading to the increase of arterial oxygenation. The use of preactivated UC-MSCs may represent a potential clinically relevant treatment of acute lung injury in patients with gram positive induced ARDS.

Introduzione: la sindrome da distress respiratorio acuto (ARDS) rappresenta il 10% di tutti i ricoveri in terapia intensiva e il 23% dei pazienti ventilati meccanicamente. Le cause più comuni di ARDS includono polmonite e sepsi. Ad oggi non esiste alcun trattamento per l'ARDS. Le cellule staminali mesenchimali (MSC) stanno emergendo come un trattamento promettente dell'ARDS per tre motivi: proprietà immunomodulatorie; antimicrobiche e di rigenerazione tissutale. Uno dei motivi per cui le MSC non sono ancora utilizzate nella terapi dell’ARDS in clinica è dovuto alla variabilità di risposta biologica. Un potenziale strategia per ottimizzarne l’azione è la preattivazione per-trattamento. Ad oggi, non sono disponibili informazioni sul ruolo delle MSC nel trattamento delle ARDS polmonare indotta da batteri Gram +. S. aureus è un batterio Gram + associato a più del 40% di casi di polmonite nosocomiale e con tassi di mortalità>50%. Obiettivi 1. Caratterizzare l'espressione delle citochine delle MSC da cordone ombelicale (UC) e il ruolo del loro mezzo di coltura su una linea cellulare monocitica umana; 2. stabilire un nuovo modello di polmonite batterica gram + usando un ceppo di S. aureus da isolato umano; valutare 3. il potenziale ruolo terapeutico di UC-MSC con e senza preattivazione ​​(serie 1) e 4. di UC-MSC preattivate a basso dosaggio (serie 2) nel trattamento di ARDS indotta da S. aureus nel ratto. Metodi: Gli esperimenti in vitro hanno quantificato il profilo pro/antiinfiammatorio delle citochine derivanti da UC-MSC naïve e preattivate con citomix (TNF-α; IL-1β; e IFN- γ [50 ng / mL ciascuno]) tramite ELISA. Modelli di lesione cellulare in vitro sono stati sviluppati. Cellule THP-1 sono state trattate con mezzo di coltura da MSC per determinarne l'espressione e l'effetto sulla fagocitosi. Ratti (Sprague Dawley) maschi adulti sono stati utilizzati per gli esperimenti. Gli animali sono stati sottoposti a instillazione intratracheale di S. aureus Newman per indurre la ARDS polmonare. Nella serie 1, gli animali sono stati randomizzati, entro 2 ore dall'infezione, alla somministrazione endovenosa di: (1) veicolo (soluzione salina tamponata con fosfato (PBS)); (2) 1x107 / kg di UC-MSC; e (3) 1x107 / kg di UC-MSC pre-attivati ​​per 24 ore. Nella serie 2, abbiamo randomizzato gli animali alla somministrazione endovenosa di: (1) veicolo (soluzione salina tamponata con fosfato (PBS)); (2) 2x106 / kg e (3) 5x106 / kg di UC-MSC pre-attivate per 24 ore con citomix (TNF-α; IL-1β; e IFN- γ [50 ng / mL ciascuno]). I confronti tra i gruppi sono stati testati per le differenze nella carica batterica e nella conta dei globuli bianchi nel lavaggio broncoalveolare (BAL) e in parametri fisiologici a 48h dal danno.
Risultati: le cellule preattivate esprimono un profilo pro/antiinfiammatorio differente rispetto alle UC-MSC naïve in vitro. L'instillazione endotracheale di S. aureus Newman ha indotto il primo modello di ARDS nel ratto usando un tale ceppo batterico. Le UC-MSC naïve hanno trattato parzialmente la lesione polmonare. Al contrario, la preattivazione di UC-MSC con cytomix per 24 ore ha permesso di aumentare significativamente la clearance batterica, ridurre gli infiltrati di cellule polmonari e migliorare l'ossigenazione (PaO2/FiO2 medio>300 (FiO2=1) (serie 1). Questi risultati sono stati confermati nella serie 2, in cui le UC-MSC preattivate hanno dimostrato il loro ruolo terapeutico nella attenuazione dell'ALI anche a basse dosi (2x106/kg).
Conclusioni: la terapia con UC-MSC preattivate ​ ha ridotto la gravità dell'ARDS indotta da S. aureus anche a bassa dose di 2x106 / kg come visibile dalla riduzione della carica batterica e degli infiltrati di cellule infiammatorie polmonari e migliorando compliance respiratoria e ossigenazione arteriosa. L'uso di UC-MSC pre-attivate ​​può rappresentare un trattamento potenzialmente rilevante nell’ARDS polmonare indotta da gram+.

(2020). Optimization of the Therapeutic Potential of Umbilical Cord-Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Staphylococcus Aureus Induced Pneumonia. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).

Optimization of the Therapeutic Potential of Umbilical Cord-Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Staphylococcus Aureus Induced Pneumonia

REZOAGLI, EMANUELE
2020

Abstract

Introduction: Acute respiratory distress syndrome accounts for 10% of all ICU admissions and 23% of all mechanically ventilated patients. The most common causes of ARDS include pneumonia and sepsis. There remains currently no specific treatment for ARDS. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as a promising strategy for the treatment of ARDS for three main reasons: immune-modulatory properties, anti-microbial effects and tissue regeneration capabilities. With all of these listed qualities, why aren’t MSCs a current therapy in patients with ARDS? One reason for this, is that MSCs present a strong biological variability in-vivo. A possible approach to overcoming this in-consistency in the potential of MSCs is to prime them before administration. No information is available on the role of MSCs in the treatment of pulmonary ARDS induced by Gram positive bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus Newman is a clinically relevant Gram positive bacterium which is associated with >40% health care pneumonia cases and with mortality rates of >50%. Objectives 1. To characterize the cytokine expression of umbilical cord (UC) MSCs and the role of conditioned media on a human monocytic cell line; 2. to establish a new model of gram positive bacterial pneumonia using a clinically relevant strain of S. Aureus from a human isolate; to evaluate 3. the potential therapeutic role of naïve and preactivated UC-MSCs (Series 1) and 4. of low dose preactivated UC-MSCs (Series 2) freshly harvested from culture in the treatment of acute lung injury in a new model of Rodent S. aureus–induced ARDS. Methods: Cellular assays involved cytokine expression of naïve and preactivated UC-MSCs with cytomix (TNF-α; IL-1β; and IFN- γ [50 ng/mL each]) was measured using ELISA. In-vitro chemical and inflammatory injury assays were carried out. THP-1 cells were treated with conditioned media from primed and naïve MSCs to determine cytokine expression and effect on percentage phagocytosis. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were used for in-vivo experiments. Animals underwent intratracheal instillation of S. aureus Newman to induce pulmonary ARDS. In series 1, animals were randomized, within 2 hours post infection, to intravenous administration of: (1) vehicle (phosphate buffered saline (PBS)); (2) 1x107/kg fresh UC-MSCs; and (3) 1x107/kg fresh UC-MSCs preactivated for 24 hours. In series 2, we randomized animals, within 2 hours post infection, to intravenous administration of: (1) vehicle (phosphate buffered saline (PBS)); (2) 2x106/kg and (3) 5x106/kg fresh UC-MSCs preactivated for 24 hours with cytomix (TNF-α; IL-1β; and IFN- γ [50 ng/mL each]). Comparisons among the groups were tested for differences in bacterial load and white blood cell count in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and arterial oxygenation after 48 hours. Results: Primed UC-MSCs variably expressed a different pro/anti-inflammatory profile compared to naïve UC-MSCs in vitro. Endotracheal instillation of S. aureus Newman induced the first model of ARDS in rats using such a bacterium strain. Fresh naïve UC-MSCs did not treat the lung injury. In contrast, the preactivation of fresh UC-MSCs with cytomix for 24 hours allowed to significantly increase the pulmonary bacterial clearance, reduce the lung cell infiltrates and to improve oxygenation with an average PaO2/FiO2 ratio above 300 at an FiO2 of 1.0 (series 1). These results were confirmed in series 2, where preactivated UC-MSCs demonstrated their therapeutic role in the decrease of ALI even at the low dose of 2x106/kg. Conclusions: Fresh preactivated UC-MSCs therapy decreased the severity of S. aureus induced ARDS even at the low dose of 2x106/kg by the reduction of bacterial load and white blood cell infiltrates into the lungs, and leading to the increase of arterial oxygenation. The use of preactivated UC-MSCs may represent a potential clinically relevant treatment of acute lung injury in patients with gram positive induced ARDS.
BELLANI, GIACOMO
FUMAGALLI, ROBERTO
Polmonite; ARDS; cellule staminali; cordone ombelicale; cytomix
Pneumonia; ARDS; umbilical cord; stem cells; cytomix
MED/41 - ANESTESIOLOGIA
Italian
11-feb-2020
MEDICINA TRASLAZIONALE E MOLECOLARE - DIMET
32
2018/2019
open
(2020). Optimization of the Therapeutic Potential of Umbilical Cord-Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Staphylococcus Aureus Induced Pneumonia. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/263058
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