The toxicity of anticancer drugs represents one of the major limitation in their clinical use. Among the side effects of chemotherapy, peripheral neurotoxicity is one of the most disabling for cancer patients. Oxaliplatin (OHP) is one of the most neurotoxic antineoplastic drug widely used for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients undergoing OHP-regimen experience two clinically distinct forms of peripheral neuropathy: an acute cold-enhanced form and a chronic distal sensory neuropathy. Due to the lack of effective pharmacological therapies in preventing and/or alleviating neuropathic symptoms, OHP dose reduction or interruption is often mandatory. Despite extensive investigation, the pathogenesis of OHP-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (OIPN) is still largely unknown. In literature several preclinical in vivo studies, different from each other in schedules of OHP treatment, are described but the characterization of peripheral neurotoxicity is limited. In fact, to verify the OINP onset, in addition to the evaluation of neuropathic pain, neurophysiological and histopathological analyses should be assessed. Mitochondrial dysfunction has recently been suggested as putative mechanisms possibly involved in the onset and development of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction and associated oxidative stress may result in chronic neuronal energy impairment leading to neuropathic symptoms. The first aim of this study was to compare OIPN mouse models reported in three published studies with OIPN mouse model currently used in our laboratory, using a multimodal assessment. Moreover, given the potential role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy, the possibility that OHP treatment could induce oxidative stress and eventually mitochondrial dysfunctions has also been analysed. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that a single dose of OHP 5 mg/kg administrated in tail vein is able to reproduce the clinical features of acute OIPN. On the other hand, to reproduce the clinical features of chronic OIPN, prolonged OHP treatment is required. In fact, alterations in caudal and digital nerves amplitudes and mechanical allodynia together with a reduction in intraepidermal nerve fiber density were observed only after 4 weeks of OHP 5 mg/kg administrated intravenously twice a week, the schedule currently used in our laboratory. Changes in DRG morphometry were instead more commonly observed also in the other OHP schedules reproduced in this study. As a whole, these results suggested that our laboratory OHP model is the one which better mimic the OIPN features. Regarding the pathogenic aspect, this study is far from clarifying the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the onset of OIPN, even if some results have been obtained. In general, oxidative stress levels measured with TBARS assay did not increase considerably in DRG and caudal nerves following OHP treatment with any schedule used, whereas sciatic nerves showed an increase in TBARS level at 2 weeks after a cumulative dose at 20 mg/kg (intravenous administration) and at 4 weeks after 30 mg/kg (intraperitoneal administration). Furthermore, a significant increase in protein expression levels of respiratory chain complex I in DRG collected from the animals treated for 4 weeks with our OHP schedule was detected. In the same samples, a decrease in phosphoryled form of DRP1 was observed closely approximating significance after 2 weeks of OHP treatment, indicating reduced mitochondrial fission process. In conclusion, a reliable animal model should be able to evaluate acute and chronic neurotoxicity in order to study the mechanism underlying OIPN. Setting a standard method of evaluation would be useful to obtain consistent results among different workgroups. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress may be implicated in the onset of OIPN but further investigations are required.

La tossicità dei farmaci antitumorali rappresenta una delle principali limitazioni nella pratica clinica. Tra gli effetti collaterali dei farmaci chemioterapici, la neurotossicità periferica è uno dei più invalidanti per i pazienti malati di cancro. Oxaliplatino (OHP), un composto ampiamente usato per il trattamento del carcinoma del colon-retto metastatico, è uno dei farmaci antineoplastici più neurotossici. I pazienti possono sviluppare due forme clinicamente distinte di neuropatia periferica: una forma acuta aggravata dal freddo ed una neuropatia sensoriale distale cronica. A causa della mancanza di efficaci terapie farmacologiche in grado di prevenire e/o alleviare i sintomi neuropatici, la riduzione o l'interruzione della dose di OHP è spesso necessaria. Nonostante approfondite ricerche, la patogenesi della neurotossicità periferica indotta da OHP (OIPN) è ancora in gran parte sconosciuta. In letteratura sono descritti numerosi studi preclinici in vivo, diversi tra loro per la schedula di trattamento con OHP utilizzata, tuttavia la caratterizzazione della neurotossicità periferica è limitata. Infatti, per verificare l'insorgenza della OINP, oltre alla valutazione del dolore neuropatico, dovrebbero essere effettuate analisi neurofisiologiche ed istopatologiche. La disfunzione mitocondriale è stata recentemente suggerita come possibile meccanismo coinvolto nell'insorgenza della neurotossicità periferica indotta dai farmaci chemioterapici. Il primo obiettivo di questo lavoro è stato confrontare tre modelli murini di OIPN pubblicati con il modello murino di OIPN attualmente in uso nel nostro laboratorio, mediante una valutazione multimodale. Inoltre, dato il potenziale ruolo dello stress ossidativo nella patogenesi della neuropatia periferica, è stata analizzata la possibilità che il trattamento con OHP potesse indurre stress ossidativo e disfunzione mitocondriale. I risultati di questo studio indicano che una singola dose di OHP 5 mg/kg somministrata per via endovenosa è in grado di riprodurre le caratteristiche cliniche della forma acuta della OIPN. D'altra parte, al fine di riprodurre le caratteristiche cliniche della OIPN cronica, è necessario un trattamento prolungato con OHP. Sono state osservate alterazioni delle ampiezze dei nervi caudali e digitali, allodinia meccanica ed una riduzione della densità delle fibre nervose intraepidermiche solo dopo 4 settimane di OHP 5 mg/kg somministrato per via endovenosa due volte a settimana, schedula attualmente utilizzata nel nostro laboratorio. Pertanto, il nostro modello di laboratorio OHP è quello che meglio mima le caratteristiche della OIPN. Per quanto riguarda l'aspetto patogenetico, questo studio non ha ben chiarito il ruolo della disfunzione dei mitocondri e dello stress ossidativo nell'insorgenza della OIPN. I livelli di stress ossidativo, dosando i TBARS, non sono aumentati considerevolmente nei DRG e nei nervi caudali dopo il trattamento con OHP con qualsiasi schedula utilizzata, mentre i nervi sciatici hanno mostrato un aumento dei livelli di TBARS a 2 settimane dopo una dose cumulativa di 20 mg/kg (endovena) ed a 4 settimane dopo 30 mg/kg (intraperitoneale). Inoltre, un aumento significativo dei livelli del complesso I della catena respiratoria ed una riduzione della forma fosforilata di DRP1 sono stati rilevati nei DRG prelevati dagli animali trattati con la nostra schedula di trattamento per 4 e 2 settimane, rispettivamente. In conclusione, un modello animale affidabile dovrebbe essere in grado di valutare la neurotossicità acuta e cronica al fine di studiare i meccanismi alla base della OIPN. Definire un metodo di valutazione standard sarebbe utile per ottenere risultati coerenti tra diversi gruppi di lavoro. Inoltre, la disfunzione mitocondriale e lo stress ossidativo possono essere implicati nell'insorgenza della OIPN, ma sono necessarie ulteriori indagini.

(2020). OXALIPLATIN-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROTOXICITY IN MOUSE MODELS: DIFFERENT TREATMENT SCHEDULES AND FOCUS ON OXIDATIVE STRESS. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).

OXALIPLATIN-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROTOXICITY IN MOUSE MODELS: DIFFERENT TREATMENT SCHEDULES AND FOCUS ON OXIDATIVE STRESS

POZZI, ELEONORA
2020

Abstract

The toxicity of anticancer drugs represents one of the major limitation in their clinical use. Among the side effects of chemotherapy, peripheral neurotoxicity is one of the most disabling for cancer patients. Oxaliplatin (OHP) is one of the most neurotoxic antineoplastic drug widely used for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients undergoing OHP-regimen experience two clinically distinct forms of peripheral neuropathy: an acute cold-enhanced form and a chronic distal sensory neuropathy. Due to the lack of effective pharmacological therapies in preventing and/or alleviating neuropathic symptoms, OHP dose reduction or interruption is often mandatory. Despite extensive investigation, the pathogenesis of OHP-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (OIPN) is still largely unknown. In literature several preclinical in vivo studies, different from each other in schedules of OHP treatment, are described but the characterization of peripheral neurotoxicity is limited. In fact, to verify the OINP onset, in addition to the evaluation of neuropathic pain, neurophysiological and histopathological analyses should be assessed. Mitochondrial dysfunction has recently been suggested as putative mechanisms possibly involved in the onset and development of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction and associated oxidative stress may result in chronic neuronal energy impairment leading to neuropathic symptoms. The first aim of this study was to compare OIPN mouse models reported in three published studies with OIPN mouse model currently used in our laboratory, using a multimodal assessment. Moreover, given the potential role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy, the possibility that OHP treatment could induce oxidative stress and eventually mitochondrial dysfunctions has also been analysed. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that a single dose of OHP 5 mg/kg administrated in tail vein is able to reproduce the clinical features of acute OIPN. On the other hand, to reproduce the clinical features of chronic OIPN, prolonged OHP treatment is required. In fact, alterations in caudal and digital nerves amplitudes and mechanical allodynia together with a reduction in intraepidermal nerve fiber density were observed only after 4 weeks of OHP 5 mg/kg administrated intravenously twice a week, the schedule currently used in our laboratory. Changes in DRG morphometry were instead more commonly observed also in the other OHP schedules reproduced in this study. As a whole, these results suggested that our laboratory OHP model is the one which better mimic the OIPN features. Regarding the pathogenic aspect, this study is far from clarifying the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the onset of OIPN, even if some results have been obtained. In general, oxidative stress levels measured with TBARS assay did not increase considerably in DRG and caudal nerves following OHP treatment with any schedule used, whereas sciatic nerves showed an increase in TBARS level at 2 weeks after a cumulative dose at 20 mg/kg (intravenous administration) and at 4 weeks after 30 mg/kg (intraperitoneal administration). Furthermore, a significant increase in protein expression levels of respiratory chain complex I in DRG collected from the animals treated for 4 weeks with our OHP schedule was detected. In the same samples, a decrease in phosphoryled form of DRP1 was observed closely approximating significance after 2 weeks of OHP treatment, indicating reduced mitochondrial fission process. In conclusion, a reliable animal model should be able to evaluate acute and chronic neurotoxicity in order to study the mechanism underlying OIPN. Setting a standard method of evaluation would be useful to obtain consistent results among different workgroups. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress may be implicated in the onset of OIPN but further investigations are required.
MARMIROLI, PAOLA LORENA
oxaliplatino; neurotossicità; modelli murini; stress ossidativo; mitocondrio
oxaliplatin; neurotoxicity; mouse models; oxidative stress; mitocondrio
BIO/16 - ANATOMIA UMANA
English
30-gen-2020
NEUROSCIENZE
32
2018/2019
open
(2020). OXALIPLATIN-INDUCED PERIPHERAL NEUROTOXICITY IN MOUSE MODELS: DIFFERENT TREATMENT SCHEDULES AND FOCUS ON OXIDATIVE STRESS. (Tesi di dottorato, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020).
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10281/261949
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